Measuring industrial upgrading: applying factor analysis in a global value chain framework

ABSTRACT

A key question for promoting international competition is how to improve the position of countries and industries in global value chains (GVCs). The first step is to properly measure industrial upgrading in GVCs. This is not a trivial issue because upgrading has not been defined unambiguously. Several authors have used different (and sometimes related) measures, all of which indicate certain aspects of upgrading. Rather than trying to find the single, ultimate measure of upgrading, we propose a different approach. We examine the multidimensionality of industrial upgrading, using eight indicators in factor analysis. Four of the eight indicators adopt the GVC perspective and include, for example, the growth of the share in value-added exports. We provide three quantitative dimensions of industrial upgrading: process upgrading, product upgrading, and skill upgrading. With these dimensions, we compare and analyze the upgrading of different countries and industries using the World Input–Output Database.     

Scenario Prediction of Dynamics of Interest Rates and Internal Credit Volume in Russia for 2018−2022

This article proposes a model of internal credit driven by variations in interest rates of loans for end borrowers. The variations in internal credit after the interest rate crises that have taken place around the world in recent years are analyzed by international panel comparison, and the median elasticity is evaluated. A prediction of internal credit variations in Russia in the near future is given in light of various scenarios of interest rate fluctuations.