A Micro Model of the Federal Funds Market

This paper demonstrates that valuable insights into the determination of Federal funds rates can be gained through modeling the micro-decisions of market participants. Fed fund demand functions are derived for different bank valuation functions and several implications are discussed. Specifically, it is: (i) possible to rationalize the observation that large banks are net purchasers and small banks net sellers of Fed funds; (ii) to explain the positive spread of Fed funds rates over other short-term money market rates; and (iii) to link the size of this spread to the Federal Reserve's underlying monetary policy strategy.     

Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Security Risks for Online Shopping

Government and industry organizations have declared information privacy and security to be major obstacles in the development of consumer‐related e‐commerce. Risk perceptions regarding Internet privacy and security have been identified as issues for both new and experienced users of Internet technology. This paper explores risk perceptions among consumers of varying levels of Internet experience and how these perceptions relate to online shopping activity. Findings provide evidence of hypothesized relationships among consumers’ levels of Internet experience, the use of alternate remote purchasing methods (such as telephone and mail‐order shopping), the perceived risks of online shopping, and online purchasing activity. Implications for online commerce and consumer welfare are discussed.     

Evidence on the predictive ability of inflation-adjusted earnings measures*

Abstract. The results of prior studies on the information content of inflation-adjusted data in general, and of the SFAS 33 pronouncement in particular, have been mixed. The present study is motivated by the need to address further the relevance of SFAS 33 data to decisions made by security-market participants. The relevance of the SFAS 33 data is assessed in two contexts: (1) the association of security returns with inflation-adjusted and historical cost based earnings, and (2) the SFAS 33 data's ability, in a one-period-ahead prediction of security returns in comparison with the traditional historical cost model. The association test leads to mixed and inconclusive results. The predictive ability test indicates that several inflation-adjusted measures of firms' earnings outperformed the historical cost earnings measure for 1981 and 1982. The latter results were not sensitive to the form of user loss function, sample size, and type of sample. These results may suggest that the recent decision by the FASB to make reporting according to the SFAS 33 pronouncement optional was premature. Résumé. Les résultats d'études précédentes sur le contenu informationnel des données ajustées pour tenir compte des effets de l'inflation en général, et de l'émission par le FASB de la Norme n^o33 en particulier, ont été mixtes. L'étude qui suit se justifie par la nécessité de se pencher davantage sur la pertinence des données selon la Norme n^o 33 relativement aux décisions prises par les intervenants sur le marché des valeurs mobilières. Les auteurs évaluent la pertinence des données selon la Norme n^o 33 dans deux contextes: 1) l'association du rendement des titres aux bénéfices ajustés pour tenir compte des effets de l'inflation et aux bénéfices exprimés à la valeur d'origine et 2) la valeur des données selon la Norme n^o 33 dans la prévision, un exercice à l'avance, du rendement de titres par comparaison au modèle traditionnel du coût d'origine. Le test d'association mène à des résultats mixtes et non concluants. Le test de la valeur de prédiction indique que plusieurs mesures des bénéfices ajustées pour tenir compte des effets de l'inflation sont supérieures à la mesure des bénéfices au coût d'origine pour 1981 et 1982. Ces derniers résultats n'ont pas été sensibles à la forme de la fonction de perte de l'utilisateur, à la taille de l'échantillon et au type d'échantillon. Ces résultats donnent à penser que la décision récente du FASB de rendre facultative l'application de la Norme n^o33 en matière de publication d'information était prématurée.     

On What States Do Prices Depend? Answers From Ecuador

The frequency of retail price adjustment differs across goods, both in low inflationary environments, such has the United States, and in high inflationary environments typical of less developed countries. We develop a multishock menu cost model in which retailers intermediate trade between producers and consumers. Since the cost share of intermediate inputs varies across goods, the model produces a cross-sectional distribution of frequency of price adjustment even though firms face a common menu cost. The model is evaluated using a rich micropanel of retail prices in Ecuador in a period spanning a financial crisis and subsequent dollarization.