A Micro Model of the Federal Funds Market

This paper demonstrates that valuable insights into the determination of Federal funds rates can be gained through modeling the micro-decisions of market participants. Fed fund demand functions are derived for different bank valuation functions and several implications are discussed. Specifically, it is: (i) possible to rationalize the observation that large banks are net purchasers and small banks net sellers of Fed funds; (ii) to explain the positive spread of Fed funds rates over other short-term money market rates; and (iii) to link the size of this spread to the Federal Reserve's underlying monetary policy strategy.     

Controlling Monetary Aggregates: The Discount Window

This paper argues that current discount window policy, coupled with non-borrowed reserve targeting of the Federal Reserve, makes the quantity of high-powered money endogenous. Examination of the advisability of this procedure in a stochastic environment is conducted using a general equilibrium financial model. It is concluded that the current policy reduces the destabilizing effects of shifts between various depository financial assets, but increases the effect of other asset portfolio shifts and aggregate supply disturbances. These results are consistent with the work of Poole inasmuch as the current debate over discount policy is a repackaging of the debate over interest rate or aggregates control for monetary policy.     

The effect of information announcements on bid/ask spreads in the call options market*

Abstract. This study investigates changes in the call option market microstructure, as reflected in bid/ask spread changes, surrounding information release dates. The size of bid/ask spreads is not significantly changed by accounting earnings releases. The results indicate a significant increase in the bid/ask spread on the date of large price changes and a significantly increased number of insignificant changes in both actual and proportional bid/ask spreads surrounding earnings announcements and dates of large price changes. Significant increases in trading volume precede both types of information releases. Résumé. Cette étude examine les changements dans la microstructure du marché des options d'achat, tels que reflétés par les changements dans l'écart des cours acheteur et vendeur, autour des dates de publication d'information. La taille des écarts des cours acheteur et vendeur n'est pas sensiblement modifiée par la publication des bénéfices comptables. Les résultats montrent un accroissement significatif de l'écart entre le cours acheteur et vendeur à la date de changements majeurs des prix, et un accroissement significatif du nombre de changements négligeables à la fois des écarts de cours acheteur et vendeur absolus et relatifs, autour des dates de publication de résultats et de fluctuations de prix importantes. Des accroissements significatifs du niveau d'activité précèdent les deux types d'informations divulguées.     

AUSTRALIAN COMMODITY EXPORT PASS-THROUGH AND FEEDBACK CAUSALITY FROM COMMODITY PRICES TO THE EXCHANGE RATE

Commodity export pass-through is examined for Australia in an attempt to determine whether Australia is a price-taker in its commodity export trade. This is undertaken for seven categories of Australia's main commodity good exports. We also determine if there is feedback causality from particular world commodity prices back to the exchange rate as is often hypothesised for commodity good intensive exporting countries. It is found that Australian commodity good export pass-through is complete for the goods which are relatively less important in its export trade but is incomplete (although high) for the goods which are most important in its export trade. There is significant feedback causality to the exchange rate from the world price of coal and wheat, two of Australia's most important commodity good exports over the 1980s and early 1990s.