全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1787篇 |
免费 | 57篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 274篇 |
工业经济 | 99篇 |
计划管理 | 346篇 |
经济学 | 397篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
运输经济 | 11篇 |
旅游经济 | 22篇 |
贸易经济 | 288篇 |
农业经济 | 68篇 |
经济概况 | 332篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 18篇 |
2020年 | 31篇 |
2019年 | 41篇 |
2018年 | 55篇 |
2017年 | 53篇 |
2016年 | 49篇 |
2015年 | 31篇 |
2014年 | 44篇 |
2013年 | 220篇 |
2012年 | 67篇 |
2011年 | 68篇 |
2010年 | 65篇 |
2009年 | 72篇 |
2008年 | 64篇 |
2007年 | 81篇 |
2006年 | 54篇 |
2005年 | 46篇 |
2004年 | 46篇 |
2003年 | 37篇 |
2002年 | 37篇 |
2001年 | 31篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 36篇 |
1998年 | 29篇 |
1997年 | 28篇 |
1996年 | 20篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 17篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 21篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 15篇 |
1977年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1971年 | 11篇 |
1969年 | 10篇 |
1967年 | 10篇 |
1963年 | 11篇 |
1961年 | 11篇 |
1960年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有1844条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
A bilinear multivariate errors-in-variables model is considered. It corresponds to an overdetermined set of linear equations
AXB=C, A∈ℝm×n, B∈ℝp×q, in which the data A, B, C are perturbed by errors. The total least squares estimator is inconsistent in this case.
An adjusted least squares estimator is constructed, which converges to the true value X, as m →∞, q →∞. A small sample modification of the estimator is presented,
which is more stable for small m and q and is asymptotically equivalent to the adjusted least squares estimator. The theoretical
results are confirmed by a simulation study.
Acknowledgements. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and corrections.? A. Kukush is supported by a postdoctoral research
fellowship of the Belgian office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs, promoting Scientific and Technical Collaboration
with Central and Eastern Europe.? S. Van Huffel is a full professor with the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.? I. Markovsky
is a research assistant with the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.? This paper presents research results of the Belgian Programme
on Interuniversity Poles of Attraction (IUAP V-22), initiated by the Belgian State, Prime Minister's Office – Federal Office
for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs of the Concerted Research Action (GOA) projects of the Flemish Government MEFISTO-666
(Mathematical Engineering for Information and Communication Systems Technology), of the IDO/99/03 project (K.U. Leuven) “Predictive
computer models for medical classification problems using patient data and expert knowledge”, of the FWO projects G.0078.01,
G.0200.00, and G0.0270.02.? The scientific responsibility is assumed by its authors. 相似文献
32.
This paper explores alternative ways of evaluating and ultimately hiring a generalist consultancy for short- and medium-term projects, and how this is shaped by the size of the clients’ company. What buying factors do managers of small and large firms have in mind when hiring consultants for their projects?Instead of employing surveys incorporating predefined buying factors based on what the researchers think would be important, a cognitive mapping methodology - the repertory grid technique - is applied to investigate the underlying phenomena. Using the repertory grid technique to draw mental models is a novel research technique within the supply management field. Recent behavioral supply chain management research found the behavior of managers to be critically influenced by mental models: the lenses through which managers perceive, simplify and interpret the world.Results show differences between the buying factors used in small- and large-scale companies: managers of large companies are more ‘reputation and outcome-oriented’ and managers of small businesses are more concerned with ‘how the services are rendered’. However, both constituents stressed the importance of expertise, quality and the relationship between the client and the management consultancy, although the character of such a relationship differed between small- and large-scale firms. Results also point out criteria that managers of small and large companies employ to discriminate between good and poor performing consultancies and to judge service delivery. The practical implications for both companies hiring consultancies and the consultancy companies are discussed. For consultancies, our findings can help tailoring their efforts to a differing clientele when marketing and selling their services. For companies hiring consultancies, fixating too much on particular buying factors may lead to biased decisions. 相似文献
33.
Thomas Van Waeyenberg Adelien Decramer Sebastian Desmidt Mieke Audenaert 《Public Management Review》2017,19(6):747-764
In search of maximizing efficiency, public organizations found solace in the adoption of employee performance management (EPM) systems. While research supports that managing employees’ performance has favourable outcomes, it is still unclear why and under which conditions. Moreover, EPM systems might even create additional pressures and therefore increase turnover intentions and undermine public organization’s quest to maximize efficiency. We argue that when EPM systems are carried out consistently (i.e. internal consistency) and when they link civil servants’ individual goals to the organization’s strategic goals (i.e. vertical alignment), civil servants will be less likely to leave the organization. Hierarchical linear regression analysis shows that internal consistency relates to increased satisfaction with the EPM system and affective commitment to the organization. Vertical alignment relates to lower levels of turnover intentions. This relationship was mediated by EPM system satisfaction and affective commitment. These findings that contribute to our understanding of EPM systems can lead to favourable outcomes. 相似文献
34.
Eduard Schmidt Sandra Groeneveld Steven Van de Walle 《Public Management Review》2017,19(10):1538-1555
The financial crisis forces public managers to implement cutbacks within their organization. We argue that adopting a change management perspective contributes to our understanding of cutback management by adding a focus on managerial behaviour regarding cutback-related organizational changes. Relying on change management literature, this paper develops a framework for the analysis of cutback management connecting the context, content, process, outcomes and leadership of cutback-related change. From this it follows that managers can be positioned at the intersection of various imperatives, both externally and internally, such as their political leaders and their own subordinates. A research agenda is proposed. 相似文献
35.
Vanthuan Nguyen Bonnie F. Van Ness Robert R. Van Ness 《Journal of Economics and Finance》2007,31(2):251-267
We examine how the different mix of informed and liquidity trading in the market for ETFs affects the nature of inter-market
competition. We find that both the characteristics of the securities and the structures of the competing markets jointly determine
the nature of inter-market competition. Given the superior execution quality on the ECNs and the low adverse selection costs
in the ETF market, anonymous market such as the ECNs, attract both liquidity and informed traders. We also find that markets
compete in a subset of ETFs. In addition, we find that quotebased competition is prevalent in the market for ETFs. 相似文献
36.
Timothy Van Zandt 《Review of Economic Design》1997,3(1):15-27
This paper defines and characterizes essential decentralized networks for calculating the associative aggregate of one or
more cohorts of data. A network is essential if it is not possible to eliminate an instruction or manager and still calulate
the aggregate of each cohort. We show that for essential networks, the graphs that depict the operations and data dependencies
are trees or forests. These results assist in the characterization of efficient networks.
Received: 15 October 1994 / Accepted: 6 March 1997 相似文献
37.
Corinne A. Van der Salm Daan van Knippenberg Dancker D.L. Daamen 《Quality and Quantity》1997,31(2):193-197
In the Choice Questionnaire (Neijens et al. 1992) respondents have to choose between several policy options. Within this questionnaire they are provided with information about the consequences of each option. Until now, only indirect evidence as to whether or not respondents base their preferences on the information provided was available and plausible alternative explanations for the Choice Questionnaire's effect could not be ruled out. In the present study, we demonstrate that Choice Questionnaire respondents do base their preferences on the information provided: different information resulted in significantly different choices. 相似文献
38.
Frederick Van Der Ploeg 《International Economic Review》2010,51(2):365-381
I analyze a power struggle where competing factions have private financial assets and deplete a common stock of natural resources with no private property rights. I obtain a feedback Nash equilibrium to the dynamic common‐pool problem and obtain political variants of the Hotelling depletion rule and the Hartwick saving rule. Resource prices and depletion occur too fast, so substitution away from resources to capital occurs too fast and the saving rate is too high. The power struggle boosts output, but depresses sustainable consumption. Genuine saving is nevertheless zero in a fractionalized society. World Bank estimates may be too optimistic. 相似文献
39.
Alfred Kleinknecht Kees Van Montfort Erik Brouwer 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2013,22(2):109-121
We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of five alternative innovation indicators: R&D, patent applications, total innovation expenditure and shares in sales taken by imitative and by innovative products as they were measured in the 1992 Community Innovation Survey (CIS) in the Netherlands. We conclude that the two most commonly used indicators (R&D and patent applications) have more (and more severe) weaknesses than is often assumed. Moreover, our factor analysis suggests that there is little correlation between the various indicators. This underlines the empirical relevance of various sources of bias of innovation indicators as discussed in this paper. 相似文献
40.
Wim Vanhaverbeke Patrick Van Cayseele 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2013,22(3):185-202
Since the invention of the European Patent System, national patent systems have continued to co-exist, although they did lose appeal. How have the different national systems been affected in view of their characteristics? In order to answer this question a constant-market-share (CMS) analysis is carried out. While on a theoretical level, the different elements adding to the appeal of each patent system are discussed, the CMS-analysis reveals the importance of country size in that the national systems of smaller countries lose. 相似文献