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191.
We analyse a disregarded environmental policy instrument: a switch in government expenditure away from energy (or other natural
resources) and toward a composite good which includes energy-saving expenditure. We first develop two variants of an analytical
general equilibrium model. A composite good is produced with constant returns to scale, and energy is imported or produced
domestically with diminishing returns, yielding a differential rent to its owners. The government purchases energy and composite
goods from private firms. Such a policy unambiguously increases employment. It also raises private consumption and welfare
under two conditions: (i) it is not too costly and (ii) the initial share of the resource is smaller in public spending than
in private consumption, or the difference is small enough. We then run numerically a model featuring both importation and
domestic production of energy (oil, gas and electricity), for the OECD as a whole. Simulations show that employment, welfare
and private consumption rise. We provide magnitudes for different parameter values.
Earlier versions of this paper have benefited from conference participants at the European Council for an Energy-Efficient
Economy, International Society for Ecological Economics World Congress, CIRED seminar and EUREQua environmental economics
seminar. We especially thank Michèle Sadoun and two anonymous referees. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
192.
Manfen W. Chen Rohan Christie-David William T. Moore 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2007,31(3):289-312
We hypothesize that the firm’s regulatory environment influences the sensitivity of its equity value to information. Using
intraday stock price data of utilities operating in differing regulatory environments we test for systematic differences between
the responsiveness of stock prices of utility firms operating in deregulated and regulated environments to a common information
set. Our findings reveal sharp differences in responses, with those of utilities operating in deregulated environments the
strongest, and the responses of utilities in highly regulated environments the weakest. While the evidence supports our hypothesis,
in a broader sense, the evidence suggests that deregulation aids in the process of price discovery. We also find evidence
that suggests that deregulation, per se, does not lead to higher stock price volatility.
相似文献
193.
Synopsis We describe the first effort at creating a global ex-vessel fish price database, which is required for understanding the economic
behavior of participants in the world’s fisheries. We demonstrate potential applications of the database by linking it to
a spatially defined catch database, which makes it possible to attach landed values to species in both time and space. This
is the first database available publicly where interested members of the public, researchers and managers can easily find
and access ex-vessel prices of the world’s major commercial fish species. Preliminary results indicate that the average real
price of a number of species have declined between 1950 and 2002. The estimated landed value of fish globally, in year 2000
dollars, was about US$24 billion in 1950. It increased steadily to about US$90 billion in the early 1970s, reached a peak
of US$100 billion at the end of the 1980s, and declined to about US$80 billion in 2000. The top 15 fishing countries cumulatively
account for 79% of total real landed value, with Japan leading, even though the value of its landings has been declining.
相似文献
194.
David Pearce 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,37(1):313-333
This paper addresses from an economic perspective the issue of global biodiversity conservation. It challenges the perception
that the world really cares a great deal about biodiversity and is prepared to pay the full cost of maintaining this stock
of natural capital. Despite the existence of a plethora of international agreements there still seems to be a global ‘deficit
of care’ surrounding efforts to combat challenges such as those posed by global warming and biodiversity conservation. More
light can be thrown on the degree of care by measuring both the actual expenditures and the stated willingness to pay for
biodiversity conservation. However, actual expenditures are much lower than willingness to pay estimates recorded in the published
literature. Using the criteria that the ‘right’ amount of conservation effort is one where the marginal economic benefits
from conservation just equal the marginal costs of conservation, the paper explores the biodiversity conservation conundrum
and concluded that, on the available evidence, the world does not care too much about this natural capital stock and bequests
to future generations.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
195.
196.
Abstract. This paper contributes to the growing literature that analyses the Spanish publishing performance in Economics throughout
the 1990s. Several bibliometric indicators are used in order to provide Spanish rankings (of both institutions and individual
authors) based on Econlit journals. Further, lists of the ten most influential authors and articles over that period, in terms of citations, are reported.
We are grateful to many colleagues who made very useful remarks to preliminary versions of this paper, as well as to two anonymous
referees. We are particularly indebted to Xavier Sala-i-Martín, without whose invaluable help this work would not have been
possible. All errors or omissions are of our exclusive responsibility. 相似文献
197.
John Baffoe-Bonnie 《Empirical Economics》2003,28(3):461-478
Recent application of the switching regression model to allocate workers into the primary and secondary labor markets is
considered to be the best solution to the classification problem of the empirical testing of the dual labor market theory.
In such models, normality of the error terms is assumed. This paper adopts the switching regression model to test the dual
labor market theory by assuming different distributions of the error terms. The test results strongly support the dual labor
market theory regardless of the assumption one makes about the error terms. However, the results indicate that different distribution
can lead to different percentage distributions of workers in the two segments. In particular, the normal distribution generates
more workers in the primary segment than the non-normal distributions. Therefore, care must be taken not to generalize the
type of industries or occupations that fall under the primary and secondary segments.
First version received: October 2000/Final version received: March 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" I would like to thank Kevin Lang, Robert Marshall, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. I am grateful
for comments received from the session participants of the Western Economic Association International Conference, San Francisco,
CA, June 28–July 2, 1996, and the Midwest Economic Association Conference, Kansas City, 1997. I thank George Bonney, the Chief
Statistician of Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia for his comments. Any remaining errors are my responsibility. I gratefully
acknowledge financial support from Penn State Research and Development Grant, 1995. 相似文献
198.
Tobias F. Rötheli 《International Advances in Economic Research》2005,11(1):39-47
Earlier experimental evidence indicates that some decision makers under-invest in information when it is costly. This insight is applied to the cost–benefit analysis of the provision of data obtained by satellites. In fields like agriculture, remotely sensed information of great precision can be provided to additional farmers at minimal extra costs if a service for farmers with similar information needs is set up. Here, the tendency to under-invest in information asks for creative solutions by the private sector: bankers may work together with rational producers in setting up the information service and promoting it. However, if producers financial resources are insufficient, public intervention, in the form of a free information service may be necessary.The author would like to thank an anonymous referee, Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel, Sean Flynn, Daniel Heller, and Carlos Lenz and participants of the Lisbon Conference of the International Atlantic Economic Society, particularly Asatoshi Maeshiro, for helpful comments. 相似文献
199.
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to estimate the effect of fertility on the decision of labour force participation of married females
in Spain, allowing for the existence of unobserved characteristics that affect both fertility and participation. We use a
pooling of five waves of the European Household Panel for Spain (1994–1998). Results indicate that not taking into account
the unobserved characteristics that affect both variables imposes on average a strong downward bias on the true effect of
fertility on participation. This bias is especially strong for highly educated females.
We are grateful to Raquel Carrasco and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. Financial support from Gobierno Vasco (PI-1999-160)),
Ministry of Education and Science (BE2000-1394), Instituto de la Mujer and Universidad del País Vasco (UPV 00035.321-13511/2001)
is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
200.
Summary. We examine how irreversible capital reduces the possibility of a duopoly to sustain implicit collusion by grim strategies,
when the product is homogenous and firms compete in quantities. Compared with the case of reversible capital, there are two
countervailing effects: Deviation from an existing collusion is less attractive, because capital once installed causes costs
forever. But the punishment will also be less severe due to the high capacity the deviating firm can build before punishment
starts. The last effect dominates, meaning that the commitment value of capital is negative for all firms. If capital is irreversible,
collusion breaks down for realistic magnitudes of interest rates.
Received: April 30, 1999; revised version: November 30, 2001 相似文献