全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12471篇 |
免费 | 391篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 2341篇 |
工业经济 | 990篇 |
计划管理 | 2230篇 |
经济学 | 2798篇 |
综合类 | 242篇 |
运输经济 | 85篇 |
旅游经济 | 189篇 |
贸易经济 | 2004篇 |
农业经济 | 505篇 |
经济概况 | 1448篇 |
信息产业经济 | 1篇 |
邮电经济 | 30篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 77篇 |
2021年 | 85篇 |
2020年 | 162篇 |
2019年 | 213篇 |
2018年 | 279篇 |
2017年 | 298篇 |
2016年 | 283篇 |
2015年 | 189篇 |
2014年 | 276篇 |
2013年 | 1232篇 |
2012年 | 382篇 |
2011年 | 394篇 |
2010年 | 358篇 |
2009年 | 433篇 |
2008年 | 389篇 |
2007年 | 364篇 |
2006年 | 307篇 |
2005年 | 282篇 |
2004年 | 259篇 |
2003年 | 270篇 |
2002年 | 233篇 |
2001年 | 263篇 |
2000年 | 275篇 |
1999年 | 242篇 |
1998年 | 235篇 |
1997年 | 260篇 |
1996年 | 210篇 |
1995年 | 229篇 |
1994年 | 221篇 |
1993年 | 197篇 |
1992年 | 233篇 |
1991年 | 210篇 |
1990年 | 175篇 |
1989年 | 170篇 |
1988年 | 148篇 |
1987年 | 138篇 |
1986年 | 149篇 |
1985年 | 205篇 |
1984年 | 179篇 |
1983年 | 193篇 |
1982年 | 158篇 |
1981年 | 183篇 |
1980年 | 152篇 |
1979年 | 180篇 |
1978年 | 150篇 |
1977年 | 130篇 |
1976年 | 138篇 |
1975年 | 116篇 |
1974年 | 110篇 |
1973年 | 96篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 812 毫秒
161.
The aim of the paper is to examine the effects on employment of the large-scale structural adjustment programme undertaken by Turkey from the early 1980s onwards. In this respect, we particularly analyse how appropriate the choices of factor intensity after structural adjustment programme have been in the domestic production in comparison with the availability of domestic factor endowment. Our findings show that foreign trade in intermediate goods creates extra use of domestic labour, which can be considered as the labour cost of importing intermediate goods. This is the case in the majority of industries in the pre- and post-liberalisation period in Turkey. However, the capacity of using extra labour as a result of importing intermediate goods appeared to have decreased in the post-liberalisation period. 相似文献
162.
We show that given a value function approximation V of a strongly concave stochastic dynamic programming problem (SDDP), the associated policy function approximation is Hölder continuous in V. 相似文献
163.
Andrew E. Clark 《Labour economics》1997,4(4):341-372
By most objective standards, women's jobs are worse than men's, yet women report higher levels of job satisfaction than do men. This paper uses a recent large-scale British survey to document the extent of this gender differential for eight measures of job satisfaction and to evaluate the proposition that identical men and women in identical jobs should be equally satisfied. Neither the different jobs that men and women do, their different work values, nor sample selection account for the gender satisfaction differential. The paper's proposed explanation appeals to the notion of relative well-being, especially relative to workers' expectations. An identical man and woman with the same jobs and expectations would indeed report identical job satisfaction, but women's expectations are argued to be lower than men's. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that the gender satisfaction differential disappears for the young, the higher-educated, professionals and those in male-dominated workplaces, for all of whom there is less likely to be a gender difference in job expectations. 相似文献
164.
This paper is devoted to studying optimal designs for estimating an extremal point of a multivariate quadratic regression model in the unit hyperball. The problem of estimating an extremal point is reduced to that of estimating certain parameters of a corresponding nonlinear (in parameters) regression model. For this reduced problem truncated locally D-optimal designs are found in an explicit form. The result is a generalization of the results of Fedorov and Müller (1997) for onedimensional quadratic regression function in the unit segment.
Received February 2002 相似文献
165.
Akhavein Jalal D. Swamy P. A. V. B. Taubman Stephen B. Singamsetti Rao N. 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》1997,8(1):71-93
This article develops a new method of estimating inefficiencies in joint production and shows that unlike the approaches utilized in the previous studies of inefficiency, this method maintains a consistent relationship between the error term of a profit function and the error terms of its price derivatives. A useful by-product of the method is a proof of a Hotelling-like lemma that relates stochastic input demand and output supply functions to stochastic profit functions. While the previous studies fit a single frontier to data on all firms, this paper estimates a frontier unique to every observed firm to allow each one to have a different potential of achieving maximal levels of profit. The new method is applied in the analysis of annual data, 1984–1989, for U.S. commercial banks. Both the analytical and numerical results of the paper show that the residual that the previous studies attribute to inefficiency includes the effects of excluded variables and of inaccuracies in the specified functional forms. Once accurate estimates of these effects are subtracted from the residual, the distortions in the measured inefficiencies should be considerably reduced. Consequently, this article considers how such estimates might be obtained. 相似文献
166.
We construct a model in which the ambiguity of candidates allows them to increase the number of voters to whom they appeal.
We focus our analysis on two points that are central to obtain ambiguity in equilibrium: restrictions on the beliefs that
candidates can induce in voters, and intensity of voters' preferences. The first is necessary for a pure strategy equilibrium
to exist, while the second is necessary for ambiguity in equilibrium when there exists a Condorcet winner in the set of pure
alternatives (e.g. the spatial model of electoral competition), and when candidates' only objective is to win the election.
In this last case, an ambiguous candidate may offer voters with different preferences the hope that their most preferred alternative
will be implemented. We also show that if there are sufficiently many candidates or parties, ambiguity will not be possible
in equilibrium, but a larger set of possible policies increases the chance that at least one candidate will choose to be ambiguous
in equilibrium.
We would like to thank Alberto Alesina, Antonio Cabrales, Steve Coate, Olivier Compte, Tim Feddersen, Itzhak Gilboa, Joe Harrington,
Michel Le Breton, Alessandro Lizzeri, George Mailath, Steve Matthews, Steve Morris, Ignacio Ortuno, Tom Palfrey, Larry Samuelson,
Murat Sertel, Fernando Vega, Eyal Winter and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. The first author acknowledges financial
support from DGICYT-PB 95-0983. This work was done while the first author was visiting the Center in Political Economy at
Washington University, and visiting the Center for Basic Research in the Social Sciences at Harvard University. Their hospitality
is gratefully acknowledged. The support of the second author's research by the National Science Foundation is also gratefully
acknowledged. 相似文献
167.
168.
Ekkehart Boehmer Gary C. Sanger Sanjay B. Varshney 《Journal of Economics and Finance》2004,28(1):117-131
Given the decision to create a second class of stock through a dual-class structure, we propose that management is more (less)
likely to create a liquid secondary market for both classes of shares the lower (higher) its willingness to tie its personal
wealth to firm performance. If market makers recognize this relation, they should assign a higher likelihood to trades motivated
by superior information in shares of firms that list both classes of stock and a lower likelihood for firms that list only
one class of stock pursuant to recapitalization. Additionally, they should assign a lower likelihood to trades motivated by
superior information in shares of IPOs that choose a dual-class structure and list only one class relative to IPOs that remain
single-class. Our empirical tests based on IPOS and recaps between 1985 and 1988 provide support for these propositions. 相似文献
169.
This paper studies identification of partial differences of nonseparable structural functions. A model is defined which admits structural functions exhibiting a degree of monotonicity with respect to a latent variate. The model identifies partial differences when there are instrumental values of covariates over which the latent variate exhibits a local quantile invariance, and a local order condition holds. The result is useful when covariates exhibit discrete variation, as arises often in practice, and when restricting latent variates and covariates to be statistically independent is unpalatable. The results are illustrated with data from the returns-to-schooling study of Angrist and Krueger [1991. Does compulsory schooling attendance affect schooling and earnings? Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, 979–1014]. 相似文献
170.