国际能源机构:中东与北非天然气供需展望

根据国际能源机构<2005年世界能源展望>参考情景的预测,2003～2030年中东与北非国家天然气需求总量将增加两倍,达到7670亿立方米.增量的大部分将用于天然气发电.石化原料和生产化肥所需的天然气将显著增加.截至2004年底,中东和北非地区探明天然气储量达到81万亿立方米,相当于世界总储量的45%.伊朗和卡塔尔两个国家拥有中东和北非2/3的储量,占世界总储量的1/3.预计2030年中东和北非地区的天然气产量将从2003年的3850亿立方米猛增到12100亿立方米,产量增长将主要来自卡塔尔、伊朗、阿尔及利亚和沙特阿拉伯.其中,到2010年,该地区1/3的天然气产量增长将来自卡塔尔和伊朗所分享的超巨型的北方/南帕斯气田.中东和北非的天然气净出口量预计将从2003年的970亿立方米增长到2010年的1880亿立方米和2030年的4440亿立方米.出口增量的大部分为液化天然气,并主要输往欧洲.到2010年前后,卡塔尔将取代阿尔及利亚,成为中东和北非地区最大的天然气出口国.     

中国动漫:"病树"前头万木春

中国动漫:越来越热 今年,动漫热在全国各大城市风靡.炎热署假,各大中城市举办的动漫巡展此起彼伏,热潮一浪高过一浪.仅8月北京的动漫嘉年华,就吸引了数万名动画漫画迷.而在全国,热热闹闹的"国际城市动漫展"刚降下帷幕.10月份,"东南亚动漫巡回展"也已敲定在上海举行.而在七八两个月期间,仅在上海就有七个不同的动漫展举行.10月1日到10日期间,广州也有两个动漫展分别在锦汉展览中心和花城展览中心同时举行.     

Elicitation of Expert Opinion in Benefit Transfer of Environmental Goods

Benefit transfer is a method for estimating the value of environmental goods that involves the use of past information on identical or similar goods. This paper considers the extent to which benefit transfer can be based on prior distributions elicited from expert opinion. We propose two alternative methods to elicit the parameters of a prior distribution from experts on environmental valuation. An experiment is carried out on the value of National Parks in Spain. The results from the elicited distributions are compared with the information provided by onsite samples of visitors. The results indicate that individual experts made different predictions about the potential value of the policy areas that were diverse and unable to accurately predict the value for each policy site. However, the average across the elicited distributions approaches the estimated distribution with empirical data and accurately predicts the relative values for the two policy sites considered.     

Cost‐ and Income‐based Measures of Human Capital

Human capital is increasingly believed to play an important role in the growth process, however, adequately measuring its stock remains controversial. In this paper three general approaches to measurement are identified; cost‐based, income‐based and educational stock‐based. This survey focuses on the first two approaches and provides a critical review of the theories and their applications to data from a range of countries. Particular emphasis is placed upon the work of Jorgenson and Fraumeni (1989, 1992) and some new results for New Zealand based upon their approach are also presented.     

Global market shocks and poverty in Vietnam: the case of rice

World food prices have experienced dramatic increases in recent years. These “shocks” affect food importers and exporters alike. Vietnam is a major exporter of rice, and rice is also a key item in domestic production, employment, and consumption. Accordingly, rice price shocks from the world market have general equilibrium impacts and as such, their implications for household welfare are not known ex ante. In this article, we present a framework for understanding the direct and indirect welfare effects of a global market shock of this kind. We quantify transmission of the shock from global indicator prices to domestic markets. Then we use an applied general equilibrium model to simulate the economic effects of the price changes. A recursive mapping to a nationally representative household living standards survey permits us to identify in detail the ceteris paribus effects of the shock on household incomes and welfare. In this analysis, interregional and intersectoral labor market adjustments emerge as key channels transmitting the effects of global price shocks across sectors and among households.     

Internationalization capabilities of SMEs: A comparative study of the manufacturing and industrial service sectors

Nowadays, the global economy requires developed countries to undergo industrial restructuring. In this context, industrial small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) need to collaborate with the service sector to enhance their competitiveness and strategic capabilities. Indeed, industrial service SMEs have been the object of particular attention from governments since these enterprises have become a key element for manufacturing and innovation networks in developed countries. However, these firms, as well as the manufacturing SMEs they serve, now face the challenge to internationalize. This paper addresses the of the strategic capabilities required by SMEs in general, and manufacturing and industrial service SMEs in particular, to internationalize, as well as the effect of these capabilities on their export performance. These strategic capabilities are presented in a research model, which relates human resources (HR), product development capabilities and market development capabilities to export performance. In testing this model with a sample of 347 Canadian and French SMEs, similarities and differences between the two types of SMEs are highlighted.     

一种基于Excel的跨系统数据整合分析方法 ——以某三甲医院零星维修成本核算为例

针对当前信息化智能化过程中,单位各部门自建系统相互孤立、数据标准不一致,难以互联互通,而在管理实践中往往需要在多个系统数据整合分析,而这样的需求常常难以得到信息部门及时反馈,立项难、开发慢.针对这样的问题,本文以某三甲医院零星维修成本核算为例,介绍了一套基于Excel的,适合非信息专业人员获取数据,清洗数据,整合数据,分析数据的解决方法.     

Towards an Understanding of Social Responsibility Within the Church of England

This research explores the interplay of individual, organisational and institutional variables that produce the current pattern of social responsibility practices within a specific religious organisation, namely the Church of England. By combining elements primarily of neo-institutional theory with Bourdieu’s theory of practice, we construct a theoretical framework to examine the extent to which social responsibility activity is modified or informed by a distinctive faith perspective. Given that neo-institutional theory predicts a convergence of structures and practices between different organisations operating in the same institutional sector, this research draws on a single case study focusing on social responsibility activity in six different Church of England dioceses and shows that the opposite is actually the case: there is evidence of a significant degree of divergence in terms of organisational practice within the same institutional structure. Reasons for that were found to be the impact of human agency and loose institutional structures. This paper thus contributes to the understanding of social responsibility in religious organisations by exploring the dynamics between institutional pressures, organisational context and individual agents operating in the field of faith-based social responsibility. It thereby also contributes to neo-institutional theory.     

Executive Compensation and Financial Performance Measures: Evidence from Significant Financial Institutions

We survey the use of financial performance measures in determining executive pay among significant Australian financial institutions. We document evidence of the pervasiveness with which externally disclosed non‐GAAP (non‐Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) financial measures are also used internally to determine variable remuneration, with the apparent popularity of cash profit after tax in short‐term incentives plans. Our evidence also highlights the increasing use of peer group‐adjusted measures (e.g., relative cash earnings per share and return on equity ranking against a peer group) in determining longer‐run incentives, despite the fact that members of the peer group do not measure financial performance in a directly comparable manner. Detailed analysis of the four major trading banks (Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank, National Australia Bank and Westpac) reveals differences in the way non‐GAAP earnings measures are calculated across the major banks, as well as some variation over time in the way individual banks measure performance. We also document evidence of non‐GAAP earnings restatements, with around 25% of non‐GAAP results subsequently being restated. These restatements are more likely to result in a downward revision of the initially reported non‐GAAP result than an upward revision. We therefore conclude that existing measures of financial performance used to determine senior executive compensation are not as ‘objective’, as might be assumed.