Metaheuristic algorithms for the multistage hybrid flowshop scheduling problem

We consider the multistage hybrid flowshop scheduling problem, in which each stage consists of parallel identical machines. The problem is to determine a schedule that minimizes the makespan for a given set of jobs over a finite planning horizon. Since this problem class is NP-hard in the strong sense, there seems to be no escape from appealing to heuristic procedures to achieve near-optimal solutions to real life problems. First, a series of new global lower bounds to be used to estimate the minimum makespan are derived. Then, two new metaheuristic algorithms first sequence and then allocate jobs to machines based on a particular partition of the shop. The optimization procedure is based on simulated annealing and the variable-depth search. Computational experiments show the efficiency of the proposed procedures.     

郑州保险市场竞争状况分析

郑州保险市场的竞争比较突出，反映和说明了我国保险业的现实情况。众多保险机构的加入，促使郑州的保险市场结构和保险业的经营方式、竞争范围、竞争观念、竞争格局等均产生了重大变化，促进了保险市场的发育。     

做市商制度的利弊分析

做市商制度在美国NASDAQ市场的成功引起了各国的关注，有关的讨论十分激烈，本分析了做市商制度的利弊，并结合中国实际指出，该制度不适合中国的创业板市场。     

近年来我国总需求萎缩的体制背景分析

1996年开始的我国经济中出现的内需不足和通货紧缩，从制度经济学的角度分析，其主要原因有四个方面，一是转轨过程中投资主体与储蓄主体的分离，二是储蓄－投资转化机制的阻塞，三是转轨过程中市场格局的转变，四是转轨过程中市场主体心理的变化。     

Frontiers of Non-Financial Performance Reporting in New Zealand

In 1989, legislation in New Zealand introduced requirements for non-financial performance information in the public sector to be reported and audited. This paper describes the initial responses of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of New Zealand and the Audit Office to this challenge and examines their further development following a decade of experience.     

施工企业工程承包合同管理诌议

工程承包合同的获取和管理是施工企业生存和发展的关键。针对目前我国施工企业合同管理工作的现状，指出了其中普遍存在的一些问题，并提出几点工程承包合同的管理工作和提高施工企业经济效益的建议。     

建筑材料降低消耗的管理途径分析

从我国材料资源利用和使用现状来看，主要是材料的生产水平低、利用水平低和管理水平低。通过现状分析，找出节约的潜力是我们今后做到物尽其用的关键。通过技术、管理等各种手段和方法，进行多方考核和评价，使用材料达到一定量的节约和经济技术指标水平的提高，通过消耗和费用的分析，找到降低物资消耗的有关途径。     

外国石油公司动态

生产经营 BP计划到2005年将在美国的 油气产量提高33% BP今年在美国的投资可能达到60亿美元,2002年的投资规模也基本类似。该公司计划到2005年将在美国的石油和天然气产量提高33％。BP目前在美国的平均日产量是75万桶石油和36亿立方英尺天     

电力监管——跨世纪的课题

●广义的监管包括管制和监管两大部分.●电力监管包括对垄断性的输、配电环节的政府管理制和对竞争性的发、售电市场的监管.●建立电力监管机构,既是电力工业改革与发展的客观要求,也是政府转变职能、建立新型政企关系的需要.●电力监管机构有分权模式与集权模式两种选择;建立集中统一的电力监管体制和体系是新世纪电力改革与发展的当务之急.     

GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: Trends, Causes, and Consequences

Throughout the twentieth century governments have been spendingever larger proportions of national income. Three issues arisein discussions about the growth of such spending as it pertainsto developing countries: How does it compare with expenditurein industrial nations? What explains the growth in spendingby developing country governments? And what are the effectson economic growth? Government expenditure as a share of GDPin low- and middle-income countries, on average, is lower thancomparable shares in industrial market economies and, with fewexceptions, is growing. Many factors, including ideology, demographics,a positive income elasticity for public goods, the rising costof public goods relative to private goods, and perhaps developmenttheory and practice, explain this growth. As for the relationshipbetween government expenditure and economic growth, the empiricalevidence does not reveal any strong correlation. The size ofgovernment may engender strong ideological debate, but the positionthat the aggregate level of government expenditure is a significantdeterminant of growth rates receives little support.