Explaining Employment Effects in Multipolar Value Chains: A Cross‐National Study on Soft Drinks and Dairy Manufacturing in Europe

The article develops an integrated framework that employs a dynamic perspective on interlinked levels of value chain governance in order to explain employment in value chains. It compares two multipolar chains in food and beverage manufacturing, in two different producer and consumer markets, Belgium and Germany. Analysis reveals that varied value capture dynamics in the food and beverage industries underpin distinct employment effects at specific inter‐firm nodes, as well as between labour and product markets. This reveals institutional and product variation explaining firms’ value capture trajectories. However, it also illustrates a concomitant transnational trend of deteriorating working conditions, stemming from overall chain governance.     

The impact of recall periods on reported morbidity and health seeking behavior

Between 2000 and 2002, we followed 1621 individuals in Delhi, India using a combination of weekly and monthly-recall health questionnaires. In 2008, we augmented these data with another 8 weeks of surveys during which households were experimentally allocated to surveys with different recall periods in the second half of the survey. We show that the length of the recall period had a large impact on reported morbidity, doctor visits; time spent sick; whether at least one day of work/school was lost due to sickness and; the reported use of self-medication. The effects are more pronounced among the poor than the rich. In one example, differential recall effects across income groups reverse the sign of the gradient between doctor visits and per-capita expenditures such that the poor use health care providers more than the rich in the weekly recall surveys but less in monthly recall surveys. We hypothesize that illnesses – especially among the poor – are no longer perceived as “extraordinary events” but have become part of “normal” life. We discuss the implications of these results for health survey methodology, and the economic interpretation of sickness in poor populations.     

Liberalising the German model: institutional change,organisational restructuring and workplace effects

Institutional change at supranational, European Union level affects national and firm level institutions in various ways. This article traces effects of liberalisation measures in the airport industry enacted in two airport firms in Germany. The study, based on qualitative empirical research, found that EU liberalisation facilitated company creation of subsidiaries (subsidiarisation) and elevated shareholder interest in corporate governance. These factors affected institutional practices and cultural norms within the German industrial context that in turn influenced significant alterations in employment and workplace relations. Considerable disruption of the German social partnership model of corporate governance and industrial relations was observed. However, in addition to patterns of convergence towards neoliberal practices and outcomes frequently observed in Anglo‐Saxon systems, the study found some elements of effective retention of cultural institutional resources of the German model. Both ‘path departure’ and social embeddedness appear to coexist.     

Optimal trade execution in order books with stochastic liquidity

In financial markets, liquidity changes randomly over time. We consider such random variations of the depth of the order book and evaluate their influence on optimal trade execution strategies. If the stochastic structure of liquidity changes satisfies certain conditions, then the unique optimal trading strategy exhibits a conventional structure with a single wait region and a single buy region, and profitable round‐trip strategies do not exist. In other cases, optimal strategies can feature multiple wait regions and optimal trade sizes that can be decreasing in the size of the position to be liquidated. Furthermore, round‐trip strategies can be profitable depending on bid–ask spread assumptions. We illustrate our findings with several examples including the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model for the evolution of liquidity.     

Tractable hedging with additional hedge instruments

In an uncertain volatility model where only the stock and the money market account are traded, the upper price bound of a European claim is given by the solution of a Black-Scholes-Barenblatt equation. If an additional hedge instrument is available, the price bound can be tightened. This is also true if the set of admissible strategies is restricted to tractable strategies, which are defined as sums of Black-Scholes strategies. We study the structure of both strategies, the general strategies and the tractable strategies, when an additional convex instrument is available. For a call and a bullish vertical spread, we give closed-form solutions for the optimal tractable hedge when the additional instrument is a call option. We show that the position in the additional convex claim as well as the reduction in the price bounds allow to capture the amount of convexity risk a claim is exposed to.     

The direct employment effects of new businesses in Germany revisited: an empirical investigation for 1976–2004

Based on an improved and extended database, the Establishment History Panel, we extend the analysis of Fritsch and Weyh [Small Business Economics 27(2), 245–260 (2006)] by investigating the development of employment in German start-up cohorts for the period 1976 to 2004. We confirm the typical pattern found in start-up cohorts: an initial increasing number of employees that is soon followed by a decreasing number. We also provide some of the first evidence for the “liability of aging” phenomena in Germany. Older firms face a relatively high risk of exit. We find that most entries with relatively large initial employment grow substantially in the first two decades. However, these businesses suffer from a considerable employment decline after 25 years.     

Wheat and Maize Price Policies in Hungary: Tradeoffs between Foreign Exchange and Government Revenue

This paper reports on a methodology designed to examine the effects of selected agricultural policies in Hungary. The purpose of the paper is twofold. The first is to explain the methodology, dubbed multi-market analysis in previous work, which is implemented on personal computers to support discussions on policy reforms. The second is to examine wheat and maize policies in Hungary. While the model is constructed to focus on these policies, it will also be possible to outline ways to use the model to address other problems.     

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR HEALTH PROJECTS

This paper applies to the health sector a method of projectanalysis advocated recently by Devarajan, Squire, and Suthiwart-Narueput.A health project evaluation should establish a firm justificationfor public involvement; establish the counterfactual—whatwould happen with and without the project; and determine thefiscal effect of the project and the appropriate levels of feesin conjunction with project evaluation. The evaluation shouldalso acknowledge the fungibility of project resources and examinethe incentives both for high-level public servants to shiftgovernment resources away from project-funded activities tothose that have not been evaluated and for lower-level contractorsand civil servants to provide good or bad service. Market failuresin health services and insurance markets should serve as a startingpoint for economic analysis, not as a reason to ignore economicsin health projects. Project outputs should be predicted aftertaking into account the reaction of consumers and providersin the private sector as well as market structures of supply,demand, and equilibrium for health services.      

Children and savings in less developed countries

"A commonly cited motive for childbearing in LDCs is the support in old age provided by one's children. Alternative means of retirement support become available as a country develops. This paper presents a simple two period model in which financial institutions are allowed to substitute for children in the provision of this service. The 'quality' of financial institutions is given an operational definition and the hypotheses of the model are tested on a cross-section sample of countries."