Holiday Trading in Futures Markets

In this paper, we find significantly higher preholiday returns in futures contracts compared to nonholiday returns. The findings are consistent with the inventory adjustment hypothesis, since higher preholiday returns associated with lower trading volume are most pronounced for exchange-closed holidays. There is evidence of positive postholiday returns associated with higher trading volume for exchange-open holidays. This is consistent with positive holiday sentiments. The holiday effect is uniquely independent: The magnitude of excess holiday returns is the largest among all seasonal variations.     

Firm Size and Turn-of-the-Year Effects in the OTC/NASDAQ Market

This paper examines the turn-of-the-year effect, the firm size effect, and the relation between these two effects for a sample of OTC stocks traded via the NASDAQ reporting system over the period 1973–1985. We find results similar to those based solely on listed stocks. The importance of these findings stems from the existence of nontrivial differences between the characteristics of the OTC/NASDAQ sample and the samples of listed firms examined previously in the literature. We also find that NASDAQ quoted bid-ask spreads are highly negatively correlated with firm size, are not highly seasonal, and are large enough to preclude trading profits based upon a knowledge of the seasonality of small firms' returns.     

What Does the Taylor Rule Say About a New Zealand–Australia Currency Union?*

It has been suggested that the New Zealand economy may have similar characteristics and face similar shocks to some Australian states, so lowering the costs of a trans‐Tasman currency union. We test this, under the assumption that differences in Taylor rule‐implied interest rate paths for different regions give an indication of differences in aggregate shocks that hit different economies. We compare implied Taylor rule interest rates for each of the Australian states to implied Taylor rule rates for New Zealand. We also compare them to realised 90‐day rates. We find that the Taylor rule‐implied rates in Australian states and in New Zealand are similarly correlated with actual Australian interest rates.     

Leisure provision and usage in recently redeveloped areas of Belfast

The provision of leisure facilities within housing developments and redevelopments has been one of the cornerstone features of urban redevelopment in Northern Ireland. This study has shown that there is a high use of leisure facilities by the 22–30 age group but not by the senior citizens in the sample. The cost of such facilities seems to be a deciding factor rather than provision, but apathy and lack of interest appear to be parallel determinants     

THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE MARATHON‐ASHLAND JOINT VENTURE: THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRY SUPPLY SHOCKS AND VERTICAL MARKET STRUCTURE*

This study measures the effects of the Marathon/Ashland Petroleum (MAP) joint venture on rack and retail reformulated (RFG) gasoline prices in the four cities where both firms sold RFG before the joint venture. MAP was an early transaction in the recent era of petroleum mergers and resulted in large regional increases in concentration. While wholesale (rack) prices increased in the two cities experiencing the largest change in market structure in the year following the transaction, retail prices did not increase. Our results also highlight the importance of identifying the marginal source of supply in correctly identifying merger effects.     

Population growth and savings rates: Some new cross‐country estimates

It is widely recognised that population growth can have two conflicting effects on savings. It reduces savings as it leads to more dependent children, but if balanced it can also increase savings by increasing the number entering the working part of the life cycle and hence the number of potential savers. However, this positive effect has largely been ignored in the empirical literature. Based on the population growth rate as its measure and an augmented cross‐country life cycle regression model evidence for its existence is confirmed. Confidence in the estimates is undermined by tests indicating that in many countries over the relevant period population growth was not in steady state balance. This is ameliorated by the high regression R²s and by comparable labour force growth rate estimates, but it was also found that the estimates could not be interpreted as evidence that countries with more rapid population growth rates actually save more. This is because the negative impact of larger families was found to outweigh any increase in savings because of more families. The net elasticity effect was calculated to be ??0.08. The paper concludes that savings continues to be a cost of rapid population growth, but perhaps not quite as debilitating as some might have presumed.     

How Costly Is External Financing? Evidence from a Structural Estimation

We apply simulated method of moments to a dynamic model to infer the magnitude of financing costs. The model features endogenous investment, distributions, leverage, and default. The corporation faces taxation, costly bankruptcy, and linear‐quadratic equity flotation costs. For large (small) firms, estimated marginal equity flotation costs start at 5.0% (10.7%) and bankruptcy costs equal to 8.4% (15.1%) of capital. Estimated financing frictions are higher for low‐dividend firms and those identified as constrained by the Cleary and Whited‐Wu indexes. In simulated data, many common proxies for financing constraints actually decrease when we increase financing cost parameters.     

Taking a View: Corporate Speculation, Governance, and Compensation

Using responses to a well‐known confidential survey, we study corporations' use of derivatives to “take a view” on interest rate and currency movements. Characteristics of speculators suggest that perceived information and cost advantages lead them to take positions actively; that is, they do not speculate to increase risk by “betting the ranch.” Speculating firms encourage managers to speculate through incentive‐aligning compensation arrangements and bonding contracts, and they use derivatives‐specific internal controls to manage potential abuse. Finally, we examine whether investors reading public corporate disclosures are able to identify firms that indicate speculating in the confidential survey; they are not.