黄河三角洲实施“生态湿地恢复工程”

进入黄河入海口的黄河三角洲自然保护区,远远地就看到成群连片的野鸭扑棱棱地从草丛中、水面上飞起,如伞如盖翻飞于湛蓝的空中,清脆的叫声不绝于耳,呈现出一幅颇为壮观的景象.这里聚集的野鸭不下10万只.     

COMPETITIVE GROUPS AS COGNITIVE COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF SCOTTISH KNITWEAR MANUFACTURERS*

This article explores how the mental models of organizational strategists determine perceptions of competing organizations and responses to competitive conditions. We first outline a cognitive perspective for discussing competitive strategy, and then use this framework to analyse the particular case of the Scottish knitwear industry. We show how the structure of that industry both determines and is determined by managerial perceptions of the environment. We conclude by drawing out a few general implications of our framework for research and theory on competitive strategy.     

Towards a microscopic analysis of industrial innovations: From diffusion curves to technological integration through participative management

This paper traces the development of ever more microscopic analyses of the industrial innovation process and presents these as progressive stages in a gradual coming to terms with the real-life complexities of this process. Begining with the macroscopic, diffusion perspective inherited from rural sociology, it reveals how more user-centred models have emerged. The changing image of the user is traced from “passive adopter” to “managerial problem solver” and finally, to “innovative designer”. The paper then turns to the difficulties involved in understanding the nature of the firm's infrastructure and the implications it has for innovation management and industrial relations problems. Research in this area is identified as a crucial source of the new management tachniques that are required to solve the growing problems of resistance to technology implementation. A socio-psychological analysis drawing upon the concepts of the ethogenic approach is proposed and seen to recommend a participative management style similar to that used so successfully by the Japanese.     

垦利：妙手绘就生态美景

垦利,黄河人海的地方。这里天空洁净高远,大地苍茫雄浑,芦苇荡、红荆林、刺槐林、百里海堤以及“黄河入海”的壮丽与“河口落日”的静美,堪称天下奇观。黄河入海口,正以她独特诱人的风光,载人世界知名旅游胜地之列。 地处黄河入海口的垦利县,土地广阔,有保持较为完好的自然生态,但由于土地成陆时间短,土地盐渍化严重,生态     

On the approximation of utility functions for faculty teaching assignments

A number of mathematical programming models have been proposed for generating faculty teaching assignments. Usually these models attempt to maximize the sum of the faculty members' utilities for the courses in the assignments. This paper demonstrates that the use of course utilities ignores important interaction effects in the determination of a faculty member's utility for a teaching schedule. As a result, solutions generated by the models can be far from optimal if the true objective of the scheduler is to maximize faculty utilities for their teaching schedules.     

CONVERGENT DYNAMICS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIGURATIONS*

Organization theory lacks an adequate accounting for the processes that produce distinct structural configurations. This article interprets organization structure as an instantaneous correspondence between three analytical levels that simultaneously constrain and stimulate behaviour: infrastructure, sociostructure, and superstructure. Structuring results from a process of convergence across levels that produces distinct configurations and provides observers with a living record of the organization's historical development. This article explores the dynamics of convergence through a comparative case study of two organizations in the publishing industry. Both firms developed into stable structural configurations that were uniquely produced from historically specific accommodations.     

Unions Bow before Winds of Change

The revolutionary agreement between the Japanese car manufacturer, Nissan, and the Associated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW) at Nissan's Washington plant (top right) could herald an extraordinary change in British labour relations. Dr Charles Hanson (right) of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, argues that British manufacturing must follow the Nissan example or the future will look bleak.     

The demand for imports and exports in the U.S.: A survey

One of the more important issues in applied international economics is the extent to which trade flows adjust to changes in income, relative prices, and exchange rates. In this paper, the literature on the empirical estimation of the demand for imports and exports for the U.S. is surveyed. More precisely, this paper updates earlier surveys by Stern, Francis, and Schumacher (1976) and Goldstein and Khan (1985).