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121.
This study examines the martingale difference hypothesis (MDH) for the carbon emission allowance market within the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) during the Phase I and the Phase II, using both daily and weekly data over the 2005–2009 period. We analyze the MDH for spot prices negotiated on BlueNext, European Energy Exchange and Nord Pool along with futures prices negotiated on BlueNext and European Climate Exchange, using the new variance ratio tests developed by Kim (2009) and the generalized spectral test proposed by Escanciano and Velasco (2006). For the Phase I, the results show that the spot price changes of these three markets are predictable, suggesting the possibility of abnormal returns through speculation, except during the period April 2006 to October 2006, namely after the compliance break and before the ECs of stricter NAP II. Finally, we find that the CO2 spot and futures price changes are unpredictable during the Phase II because we failed to reject the MDH based on both daily and weekly data. Thus, these markets are found to be weak-form efficient. 相似文献
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Charles H. Maltby 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(4):239-253
Abstract In the absence of any definite development of actuarial science in Great Britain which would be a suitable subject for this paper I considered that the most useful course would be to discuss some of the problems which are at present exercising my own mind, and no doubt the minds of many of my colleagues. Probably, many of these questions are akin to others which arise in other countries, so that their discussion at a meeting such as this may prove of mutual interest, while even if they are peculiar to ourselves, a disclosure of our doubts and difficulties will indicate the directions in which future developments may be expected. I must, however, emphasize that any views expressed are purely personal, and do not in any way pretend to represent a consensus of British actuarial opinion. Throughout this paper only Ordinary (as opposed to Industrial) business in considered. 相似文献
124.
Charles H. Cho Martin L. Martens Hakkyun Kim Michelle Rodrigue 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,104(4):571-587
Astroturf organizations are fake grassroots organizations usually sponsored by large corporations to support any arguments
or claims in their favor, or to challenge and deny those against them. They constitute the corporate version of grassroots
social movements. Serious ethical and societal concerns underline this astroturfing practice, especially if corporations are
successful in influencing public opinion by undertaking a social movement approach. This study is motivated by this particular
issue and examines the effectiveness of astroturf organizations in the global warming context, wherein large corporate polluters
have an incentive to set up astroturf organizations to undermine the importance of human activities in climate change. We
conduct an experiment to determine whether astroturf organizations have an impact on the level of user certainty about the
causes of global warming. Results show that people who used astroturf websites became more uncertain about the causes of global
warming and humans’ role in the phenomenon than people who used grassroots websites. Astroturf organizations are hence successful
in promoting business interests over environmental protection. In addition to the multiple business ethics issues it raises,
astroturfing poses a significant threat to the legitimacy of the grassroots movement. 相似文献
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Medieval bishops condemned and restricted the sale of corrodies (a type of annuity), partly on the grounds of their perceived unprofitability. The available data on the profitability of corrodies is limited and little analysed, and the episcopal condemnation of corrodies has been adopted by modern researchers. After recognising the difficulties, this paper applies an annuity pricing model to study corrody pricing. Given various assumptions, contrary to the established view, it is argued that the sale of corrodies was financially profitable for institutions. Finally, some reasons are considered for the negative attitude of contemporary and historical opinion towards the sale of corrodies. 相似文献
128.
Charles Dennis Andrew Newman Richard Michon J. Josko Brakus Len Tiu Wright 《Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services》2010,17(3):205-215
Digital signage (DS), public screens showing video, is an important, little-researched topic. The “direct” route in the elaboration likelihood model suggests that DS influences cognition, which then influences emotions whereas the “peripheral” route is emotion→cognition. We predict that these operate in parallel and report a survey of mall consumers (n=315). DS has a significant, positive, total effect on approach behaviors, mediated by positive affect and (arguably) perception of mall environment. Results extend the limited capacity model of mediated message processing from television to DS, which predicts the effectiveness of vivid moving visual images as atmospheric stimuli. 相似文献
129.
This essay suggests that law, economic thought and moral/religious values may be related in ways that condition how each functions. It sketches the potential value of investigating this triad by looking at two patterns of interaction and locating each in a specific narrative context taken from the development of competition law in Europe. In one, law functions as a transforming bridge between religious/moral values and economic thought, while in the other the three domains of thought and discourse combine to create structural synergies that dialectically influence each in return. 相似文献
130.
Abstract Conventionally, an advertiser's spending on the creative component of an advertising campaign is small in relation to the media budget and is channeled exclusively to a single advertising agency. Gross challenged those conventions more than 20 years ago, using a mathematical model of advertising effectiveness. His model suggested spending more on the creative component and doing so in a competition among several independent sources. The model assumed a normal distribution of effectiveness of advertisements. Data on response to consumer product ads show that the distribution of effectiveness is not normal, but quite skewed. Using Monté Carlo simulations and Gross's framework, the authors find that the skewness strengthens the case for competition. Shifting a sizable percentage of a campaign budget away from media spending and into competitive generation of creative renderings apparently can be very profitable. 相似文献