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We examine the determinants of US equity trader choice of electronic versus intermediated execution. While traders exhibit a strong overall preference for automation, when the market is less liquid at order submission time, traders seek market maker automated and human order‐matching services more often. Traders' overall tendency to choose intermediaries is highly correlated with their demand for liquidity. Market maker participation rates are higher for more active and larger size traders. Traders who choose intermediaries more often trade more stocks, execute orders quicker, price orders more aggressively, and disperse their trading over longer periods of time. Although US stock intermediaries continue to lose market share, our results highlight the important role these firms can play in an increasingly automated, electronically driven marketplace. 相似文献
64.
We consider the prospects for apprenticeship in British retailing in terms of the contribution of apprenticeship to intermediate skills and the contribution of large employers to the Advanced Apprenticeship (AA) programme. Evidence is taken from interviews with training and HR managers from 17 large employers. We find that AA is for the most part unpopular with large retailers, who prefer to acquire intermediate skills through the upgrade training of existing employees through bespoke, in‐house training programmes and, to a lesser degree, via the recruitment of skilled workers. The one exception to this rule is to be found in the convenience stores sub‐sector of retailing, where the breadth of skills supplied by AA fits in well with employers' requirements. Even here, however, the scale of Apprenticeship is limited both in terms of the numbers of Apprentices being trained and also in terms of employers' own investment in the training of their Apprentices. 相似文献
65.
Using firm-level Japanese FDI data on investment into 18 European countries between 1970–2000 in all industries (banking,
manufacturing, wholesale/retail distribution, and business services), this study examines if the “follow the customer” (FTC)
hypothesis holds for firm-level data. The results suggest that banks do follow their customers into a foreign market, as part
of a larger strategy that goes beyond the FTC theory. The firm level data show that the majority of FDI into a host country
occurs after the foreign bank has established operations. Policy implications of this finding include the suggestion that
host economies liberalize their financial sector early in an effort to attract banking FDI which then will attract non-banking
FDI rather than the reverse. 相似文献
66.
Mireia Valverde Gerard Ryan María Tatiana Gorjup 《International Advances in Economic Research》2007,13(2):146-156
This paper examines jobs in the information society and the new economy, taking as its focus the call center industry. More
specifically, the study analyzes the degree of variability of the quality of call center jobs. In order to achieve this objective,
an index of job quality is generated, and an empirical analysis of the characteristics of jobs in call centers is carried
out. This allows us to determine the level and variability of quality of jobs in this sector and to establish whether the
reality of these jobs is as good as the forecasts for work in the new economy.
相似文献
67.
Deploying a single nationwide broadband wireless network to serve all public safety users would have great advantages over the existing fragmented public safety systems. A nationwide system could be created to serve both public safety and commercial subscribers, which would allow a provider to exploit important economies but force it to meet the more costly requirements of public safety. This paper analyzes the viability of a public-private partnership that serves public safety and commercial subscribers from a for-profit provider's perspective. A model is presented that estimates the net present value (NPV) of a wireless network by calculating costs based on the number of cell sites required and revenue based on the projected number of subscribers acquired. The model is applied to both a network that serves only commercial subscribers on 10 MHz of 700 MHz spectrum and a public-private partnership that serves commercial subscribers and public safety personnel on 20 MHz of 700 MHz spectrum. It is found that NPV is greater for the public-private partnership than for the commercial-only network for any population density, which shows that the value of 10 MHz of spectrum exceeds the cost of meeting public safety requirements. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that NPV/cell increases with population density, so urban areas are profitable and rural areas are unprofitable. The paper demonstrates that a partnership covering 94% of the US population breaks even because the most urban 56% of population subsidizes coverage for the next 38%. If initial deployment is subsidized, a financially sustainable public-private partnership can serve much more than 94%. Additionally, it is shown that allowing urban municipalities to opt-out of the partnership can significantly increase the subsidies required. 相似文献
68.
ABSTRACTAccurate estimation of value-at-risk (VaR) and assessment of associated uncertainty is crucial for both insurers and regulators, particularly in Europe. Existing approaches link data and VaR indirectly by first linking data to the parameter of a probability model, and then expressing VaR as a function of that parameter. This indirect approach exposes the insurer to model misspecification bias or estimation inefficiency, depending on whether the parameter is finite- or infinite-dimensional. In this paper, we link data and VaR directly via what we call a discrepancy function, and this leads naturally to a Gibbs posterior distribution for VaR that does not suffer from the aforementioned biases and inefficiencies. Asymptotic consistency and root-n concentration rate of the Gibbs posterior are established, and simulations highlight its superior finite-sample performance compared to other approaches. 相似文献
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We formulate a model of capacity expansion that is relevant to a service provider for whom the cost of capacity shortages would be considerable but difficult to quantify exactly. Due to demand uncertainty and a lead time for adding capacity, not all shortages are avoidable. In addition, technological innovations will reduce the cost of adding capacity but may not be completely predictable. Analytical expressions for the infinite horizon expansion cost and shortages are optimized numerically. Sensitivity analyses allow us to determine the impact of technological change on the optimal timing and sizes of capacity expansions to account for economies of scale, the time value of money and penalties for insufficient capacity. 相似文献