Pricing the Cost of Expropriation Risk

The paper examines a firm's cost of expropriation risk in a framework that links it to the government's incentive to expropriate. The author develops a pricing model for the firm's cost of expropriation risk that includes the positions of both government and firm. The government's decision to expropriate is modeled as an American-style call option. The cost of expropriation risk is modeled as the value of an insurance policy that pays off all losses resulting from expropriation. The firm's cost of expropriation risk is determined by the government acting to optimize the value of its option to expropriate. The author identifies the parameters that link the government's option to expropriate to the firm's cost of expropriation risk, and shows how the model can be used in capital budgeting decisions and the ongoing management of expropriation risk.     

Industrial relations,new technology and divisions within the workforce

Discussions of industrial relations and new technology often treat employers and employees as homogeneous groups. This article, based on a study of the introduction of electronic news gathering equipment into an independent television company, suggests that new technology can be a source of conflict and rivalry between different sections of the workforce.     

Medical Malpractice Liability and Physician Migration

This paper uses national data on individual physicians and two control groups to provide evidence on the extent to which each of five medical malpractice reforms impacts the decision to move one's medical practice to another state. We find robust evidence that states that have implemented noneconomic damage caps experience less out-migration of physicians than states that do not have these reforms. In addition, we find some evidence that joint and several liability reforms and patient compensation funds also impact the migration decisions of physicians.     

The Poverty of Politics: How Income Redistribution Hurts the Poor

In spite of the significant research literature identifying a tradeoff between income redistribution and economic growth, massive public programs have been implemented to help the poor by transferring income to them. Since Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty began in 1964, over 3.5 trillion dollars have been transferred. However, the possibility that everyone, including the poor, may in fact be made worse off by the transfer has largely been ignored. With a simple algebraic model, the authors demonstrate that, over time, both high and low-income groups are harmed by redistribution. In addition, social mobility, as well as political concerns with relative poverty and international income redistribution increases the damage to all income groups produced by redistribution.     

Evaluating Alternative Mortgage Instruments for Low-equity Ontario Dairy Farms

The current debt repayment problems facing many farmers have led to requests for changes in farm financing mechanisms for the sector. Two such debt repayment instruments, namely the shared risk mortgage and commodity-based loan mortgage, were recently introduced by the Farm Credit Corporation. This study is a comparative evaluation of their potential to adjust the cash flow repayment requirements of these mortgages, compared with a floating-interest-rate conventional mortgage, using an average Ontario dairy farm as a case study. The results of the analysis show that the changes in the mortgage interest and principal repayment conditions improved the cash flow positions of the farms relative to the conventional mortgage. The study thus concludes that the changed mortgages offer some prospect for improving farm net cash flows when interest rate levels are reduced at least for a short period and when fluctuations in interest rates are limited. However, the major impact of these changes in mortgage conditions is related to this level of interest rate charged, and other methods of reducing or delaying interest charges on farm mortgages may be equally successful in improving net cash flows of farmers with relatively large debts. Les problèmes financiers dont font face actuellement les producteurs agricoles ont amenés une remise en cause des mécanismes de financement du secteur agricole. Deux instruments de paiement de la dette, l'hypothèque à risque partagé (SRM) et le prêt basé sur les prix (CBLM), ont été récemment introduits par la Société du Crédit Agricole. Cette étude évalue le potentiel de ces deux instruments à ajuster les remboursements requis, comparativement à l'hypothèque conventionnelle à taux d'intérêt variable, en utilisant comme étude de cas, une ferme laitière moyenne type de l'Ontario. Les résultats de l'analyse montrent que les changements dans le remboursement en capital et intérêt améliorent la position de cashflow des fennes comparativement à l'hypothèque conventionnelle. L'étude conclue que les deux nouveaux instruments étudiés offrent des espoirs d'amélioration des cashflows nets des fermes lorsque le niveau des taux d'intréêts est réduit pour au moins une courte période et que les fluctuations de ceux-ci sont limitées. Cependant, l'impact majeur des changements dans les conditions de l'hypothèque est relié au niveau du taux d'intérêt demandé et d'autres méthodes de réduction ou de retarement des frais d'intérêts sur les hypothèques agricoles peuvent être également bénéfique dans l'amélioration du cashflow net des producteurs relativement endettés.     

The Effect of Explicit Communication on pricing: Evidence from the Collapse of a Gasoline Cartel

We study the collapse of collusion in Québec's retail gasoline market following a Competition Bureau investigation, and show that it involved two empirical regularities: high margins, and asymmetric price adjustments. Using weekly, station‐level prices we test whether collusion was successful, and whether asymmetric adjustments were part of the cartel's strategy. We do so in the markets targeted by the investigation, and in markets throughout the province with similar pre‐collapse pricing (cyclical markets). Our results suggest that stations in both target and cyclical markets adjusted pricing following the announcement: margins fell (by 30%/15% in target/cyclical markets), and adjustments became more symmetric.     

Running on the spot? A review of twenty years of research on the management of human resources in comparative and international perspective

Research using a comparative and international perspective on the management of human resources is examined, drawing on articles published in leading human resource management, management/organizational behaviour and related social science journals between 1977 and 1997. In total a little under 2 per cent of the articles under review focused on the management of human resources in a comparative and international perspective. The largest group of these articles was comparative in nature (44 per cent), followed by those with an international perspective (35 per cent). A smaller number adopted a combined approach (17 per cent) and a few were separately classified as foreign national studies (4 per cent). Over time, there has been some progress made in terms of the number of articles published and the scope of topics covered. However, many of the articles displayed similar shortcomings to those noted in earlier reviews of cross-national management/organization studies: in particular, an over-reliance on a small number of primarily Anglo-Saxon countries, a lack of a longitudinal perspective, a loose specification of culture, an ethnocentric bias and a frequent failure to explain observed differences and similarities.     

Advertising and Coordination in Markets with Consumption Scale Effects

Many advertised products are established and have little quality variation. For these products advertising signaling explanations are unconvincing. We develop a coordination model of advertising with consumers observing ads probabilistically and never observing advertising levels. Consumers who fail to see an ad for a product believe it will likely have low sales and so be of low value. Firms advertise to avoid these beliefs. The model's predictions on advertising, market share, and profitability are consistent with observed outcomes. The model produces the time series behavior for prices and market share observed in the data and not available from existing coordination models.