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991.
Complexity and technological change: knowledge interactions and firm level total factor productivity
The analysis of social interactions as drivers of economic dynamics represents a growing field within the economics of complexity. Social interactions are a specific form of interdependence whereby the changes in the behavior of other agents affect utility functions for households and production functions for producers. In this paper, we apply the general concept of social interactions to the area of the economics of innovation and we articulate the view that knowledge interactions play a central role in the generation of new technological knowledge so that innovation becomes the emergent property of a system, rather than the product of individual actions. In particular, we articulate and test the hypothesis that different layers of knowledge interactions play a crucial role in determining the rate of technological change that each firm is able to introduce. The paper presents an empirical analysis of firm level total factor productivity (TFP) for a sample of 7,020 Italian manufacturing companies observed during the years 1996–2005. This will enable us to identify the distinctive role of regional, inter-industrial and localized intra-industrial knowledge interactions as distinctive and significant determinants, together with internal research and innovation efforts, of changes in firm level TFP. 相似文献
992.
This paper studies the degree of the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to import and consumer prices in China with both the
ratio of China’s imports to GDP and domestic prices of China’s main trade partners going up. Statistic results show that the
degree of ERPT is somehow less than the degree of marginal cost plus mark-up pass-through of exporters, and econometric analyses
reach the same conclusion. Besides, the ERPT to import prices is found to be high while the ERPT to CPI is low owing to some
factors that obstruct the import prices pass-through channel to domestic CPI. But this situation has been changing significantly
since August 2005. Thus, a more flexible exchange rate system is needed for China to absorb the price shock from aboard efficiently. 相似文献
993.
China reformed value-added tax (VAT) by removing investment from the tax base in northeastern provinces in 2004, which is
a “natural experiment” of its tax system. Using difference-in-differences method, this paper for the first time investigates
the impact of VAT reform on China firms’ fixed asset investment, employment behavior, innovative activities, and productivity,
and furthermore discusses the impact of firm behavior on industrial structural upgrade and employment with a firm-level panel
data of large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in China. We find that VAT reform significantly promotes firms’ fixed
asset investment, and increases firms’ capital-labor ratio and productivity; while enhancement of firms’ productivity is mainly
achieved by means of substituting labor with capital, rather than independent technology innovation; meanwhile, VAT reform
distinctly decreases employment. Our findings have essential policy implications on the extension of VAT reform in the entire
China. 相似文献
994.
Christopher J. Coyne Russell S. Sobel John A. Dove 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(4):333-346
A large literature explores the importance of entrepreneurship as the catalyst of economic progress. In contrast, this paper
argues that entrepreneurs are the driver of economic stagnation. We analyze the non-productive entrepreneurial process and
discuss three channels through which non-productive activities have a multiplier effect culminating in economic decline and
stagnation. Drawing on examples of non-productive entrepreneurship from both underdeveloped and developed countries, we provide
insight into why economic stagnation persists in the former and why economic decline can occur in the latter. 相似文献
995.
Hans Opschoor 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,45(1):3-23
Curbing global warming by setting long term maxima for temperature rise or concentrations of greenhouse gases defines spaces
within which further emissions of these gases are to remain (referred to here as ‘carbon spaces’). This paper addresses questions
related to how to share between countries the carbon space and/or efforts to stay within it, in the perspective of sustainable
development; different allocation mechanisms are reviewed, responding to criteria such as ‘responsibility’ for climate change,
‘capability’ to engage in abating it, and ‘potential’ or future contribution. The carbon space remaining at any time will
depend on effective mitigation up till that time, and will condense if more stringent maxima are to be set; per capita this
space becomes smaller with rising population. Sharing the carbon space in a fair way requires “convergence” of currently widely
unequal per capita emissions. If the world is to stay within the carbon space consistent with <2° warming, then developed
economies—the wealthiest sources of greenhouse gases should quickly and deeply engage in mitigation. Also, substantial mitigation
is to take place in developing countries and that this will require substantial support to developing countries (financially,
technologically). Changing development paths can make a major contribution to climate change mitigation; this requires changes
in investment, production and consumption patterns. Green New Deals as proposed in the context of a widened response to the
current economic crisis could become a first phase of a fundamental transition towards a decarbonised global economy worldwide.
Concerns to do with equity as well as sustainability must be incorporated and integrated into coherent transitory strategies. 相似文献
996.
The paper analyzes the effects of more intense competition on firms’ investments in process innovations. More intense competition
corresponds to an increase in the number of firms or a switch from Cournot to Bertrand competition. We carry out experiments
for two-stage games, where R&D investment choices are followed by product market competition. An increase in the number of
firms from two to four reduces investments, whereas a switch from Cournot to Bertrand increases investments, even though theory
predicts a negative effect in the four-player case. The results arise both in treatments in which both stages are implemented
and in treatments in which only one stage is implemented. However, the positive effect of moving from Cournot to Bertrand
competition is more pronounced in the former case. 相似文献
997.
Frederic B. JenningsJr. 《Forum for Social Economics》2010,39(1):77-87
The theory of planning horizons and their relation to pricing, conscience and learning has been explored in some detail in
terms of efficiency attributes and ecological health (Jennings 2003, Journal of Economic Issues 39:365-373, 2005, 2007a, b, 2008a). This paper addresses the equity implications of planning horizons in terms of the social role and importance of justice,
rights and capabilities in a free market economy. From my earlier work, cooperation—not competition—is seen as the means to
longer and broader horizons in an efficiency frame, mitigating any alleged tradeoff against equity issues. The impact of longer
horizons on fairness and justice in terms of intentions and outcomes along with rights and capabilities still remains unexplored.
This paper reviews the normative aspects of planning horizons, showing how ethical and ecological conscience spreads with
horizon effects, strengthening goals of fairness and the internalization of social effects. In this setting, capabilities
and empowerment are enhanced by respect for human rights, as social conscience spreads through interhorizonal complementarities.
The features of a long-horizon world differ from myopic contexts, specifically in the relation of efficiency to other goals.
This paper examines that difference in terms of its equity aspects, with regard to social justice and the role of rights and
capabilities in economic cultures. 相似文献
998.
Cortney Stephen Rodet 《Constitutional Political Economy》2017,28(2):167-192
Classic theories of comparative advantage point to factor productivity and factor abundance as determinants of specialization and trade. Likewise, geography and topography can determine trade patterns. Institutions, however, are increasingly seen as important sources of comparative advantage. A global drug prohibition regime implies that institutional quality matters more than traditional sources in the drug trade. This paper theoretically models trade patterns of illicit goods and confirms the role of institutions empirically with respect to the drug trade. In particular, illicit enterprises gain force in countries where resources are scarce, drug enforcement is uncertain, and institutions are weak in absolute terms and relative to neighboring countries. I propose several policy alternatives that emphasize economic opportunity for the poor and institutional quality that complement drug prohibition. 相似文献
999.
Bryan C. McCannon 《Constitutional Political Economy》2017,28(4):407-421
Ancient Athens developed a constitutional democracy. A core, time invariant political economy problem is that of providing public services when wealth is imperfectly know. I model theoretically a unique institution developed in Ancient Athens known as the Antidosis. It allowed a citizen on the list of tax-payers to challenge a citizen not contributing to replace him and make the public goods contribution. The challenged citizen, rather than allow the claim to go before a jury trial, could choose to swap wealth with the accusing tax payer. I argue this acts as a screening mechanism and improves upon the asymmetric information problem the government has in identifying who is indeed those who have the highest wealth to provide the tax revenue to finance the public services. 相似文献
1000.
Edward B. Barbier Mikołaj Czajkowski Nick Hanley 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2017,68(3):663-682
How willingness to pay for environmental quality changes as incomes rise is a central question in several areas of environmental economics. This paper explores both theoretically and empirically whether or not the willingness to pay (WTP) for pollution control varies with income. Our model indicates that the income elasticity of the marginal WTP for pollution reduction is only constant under very restrictive conditions. Our empirical analysis tests the null hypothesis that the elasticity of the WTP for pollution control with respect to income is constant, employing a multi-country contingent valuation study of eutrophication reduction in the Baltic Sea. Our findings reject this hypothesis, and estimate an income elasticity of the WTP for eutrophication control of 0.1–0.2 for low-income respondents and 0.6–0.7 for high-income respondents. Thus, our empirical results suggest that the elasticity is not constant but is always less than one. This has implications for how benefits transfer exercises, and for theoretical explanations of the environmental Kuznets curve. 相似文献