Les modifications comptables délibérées entraînant la hausse des bénéfices*

Abstract. Résumé. Les auteurs proposent une explication des motifs pour lesquels les gestionnaires peuvent opter pour la modification des méthodes comptables. En situation difficile et devant la probabilité sérieuse d'un manquement technique aux clauses restrictives que comportent les contrats d'emprunt de l'entreprise, le gestionnaire est enclin à procéder à des modifications entraînant la hausse des bénéfices dans le but d'esquiver l'éventuel manquement. En posant l'hypothèse de prévisions rationnelles, si les investisseurs ne détiennent aucune information préalable au sujet des difficultés qu'éprouve l'entreprise, la réaction prévisible du marché à l'annonce d'une modification comptable sera négative. Nous postulons que la réaction du marché à cette décision à la date de l'annonce de la modification est en corrélation négative avec le volume d'information que peuvent détenir les investisseurs. Ils auteurs ont sélectionné un échantillon de 77 entreprises dans le but de vérifier leur raisonnement économique. Ds se servent des rendements anormaux constatés à la date de l'annonce pour tester la réaction des investisseurs à la modification comptable. Des tests transversaux associent la réaction des investisseurs à l'information qu'ils détenaient au préalable au sujet de la situation financière des entreprises de l'échantillon. À la date de l'annonce des modifications, les entreprises échantillonnées n'ont pas enregistré de réaction négative du marché qui soit statistiquement significative. Une analyse transversale permet cependant de conclure que le paramètre de la réaction du marché est en corrélation négative significative avec la variable substitutive de l'information préalable.     

Prestige,Promotion, and Pay

We develop a theory in which financial (and other professional services) firms design career structures to “sell” prestigious jobs to qualified candidates. Firms create less prestigious entry-level jobs, which serve as currency for employees to pay for the right to compete for the more prestigious jobs. In optimal career structures, entry-level employees (“associates”) compete for better-paid and more prestigious positions (“managing directors” or “partners”). The model provides new implications relating job prestige to compensation, employment, competition, and the size of the financial sector.     

A Theory of Pyramidal Ownership and Family Business Groups

We provide a new rationale for pyramidal ownership in family business groups. A pyramid allows a family to access all retained earnings of a firm it already controls to set up a new firm, and to share the new firm's nondiverted payoff with shareholders of the original firm. Our model is consistent with recent evidence of a small separation between ownership and control in some pyramids, and can differentiate between pyramids and dual‐class shares, even when either method can achieve the same deviation from one share–one vote. Other predictions of the model are consistent with both systematic and anecdotal evidence.     

Corporate Governance and the Information Content of Insider Trades

Most corporate governance research focuses on the behavior of chief executive officers, board members, institutional shareholders, and other similar parties. Little research focuses on the impact of executives whose primary responsibility is to enforce and shape corporate governance inside the firm. This study examines the role of the general counsel (GC) in mitigating informed trading by corporate insiders. We find that insider trading profits and the predictive ability of insider trades for future operating performance are generally higher when insiders trade within firm‐imposed restricted trade windows. However, when GC approval is required to execute a trade, insiders’ trading profits and the predictive ability of insider trades for future operating performance are substantively lower. Thus, when given the authority, it appears the GC can effectively limit the extent to which corporate insiders use their private information to extract rents from shareholders.     

Insurance Demand Anomalies and Regulation

In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that risk aversion alone cannot explain individuals' demand for insurance. From the perspective of risk aversion, individuals tend to purchase insurance when they should not, refuse to purchase insurance when they should, prefer sub-optimal payouts and allow irrelevant considerations to influence their insurance preferences. This article considers the normative implications of these insurance demand anomalies. It argues that while they are generally the result of consumer mistakes, they may also reflect sophisticated decision making. Given these conflicting explanations, the article explores a spectrum of “libertarian paternalistic” regulatory interventions in insurance markets.     

What Do We Know About Worker Displacement in the U.S.?

Each year during the eighties, plant closings in the U.S. displaced roughly one-half million workers with three-plus years on the job. The recent data and empirical research reviewed here show that wage cuts lower only slightly the probability that a plant will close. Average earnings losses due to long spells of unemployment and to subsequent reduced wages are substantial. Minorities suffer an above-average rate of displacement, but their earnings losses are not unusually high. Women and older workers are no more likely than others to become displaced or to suffer greater earnings losses, but high-tenure workers lose more.     

Private Money and Banking Regulation

We show that a competitive banking system is inconsistent with an optimum quantity of private money. Because bankers cannot commit to their promises and the composition of their assets is not publicly observable, a positive franchise value is required to induce the full convertibility of bank liabilities. Under perfect competition, a positive franchise value can be obtained only if the return on bank liabilities is sufficiently low, which imposes a cost on those who hold these liabilities for transaction purposes. If the banking system is monopolistic, then an efficient allocation is incentive feasible. In this case, the members of the banking system obtain a higher return on assets, making it feasible to pay a sufficiently high return on bank liabilities. Finally, we argue that the regulation of the banking system is required to obtain efficiency.     

The Evolution of a Financial Crisis: Collapse of the Asset‐Backed Commercial Paper Market

This paper documents “runs” on asset‐backed commercial paper (ABCP) programs in 2007. We find that one‐third of programs experienced a run within weeks of the onset of the ABCP crisis and that runs, as well as yields and maturities for new issues, were related to program‐level and macro‐financial risks. These findings are consistent with the asymmetric information framework used to explain banking panics, have implications for commercial paper investors’ degree of risk intolerance, and inform empirical predictions of recent papers on dynamic coordination failures.