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51.
52.
J. DAVID CUMMINS 《The Journal of Finance》1988,43(4):823-839
Insurance guaranty funds have been adopted in all states to compensate policyholders for losses resulting from insurance company insolvencies. The guaranty funds charge flat premium rates, usually a percentage of premiums. Flat premiums can induce insurers to adopt high-risk strategies, a problem that can be avoided through the use of risk-based premiums. This article develops risk-based premium formulas for three cases: a) an ongoing insurer with stochastic assets and liabilities, b) an ongoing insurer also subject to jumps in liabilities (catastrophes), and c) a policy cohort, where claims eventually run off to zero. Premium estimates are provided and compared with actual guaranty fund assessment rates. 相似文献
53.
DETERMINISTIC, STOCHASTIC, AND SEGMENTED TRENDS IN AGGREGATE OUTPUT: A CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper examines whether output per capita in 126 countriesis better described as trend or difference stationary, usingappropriate finite-sample critical values. Depending upon whetherone uses solely a test with a trend stationary null, or solelyone with a difference stationary null, very different conclusionsare obtained. This outcome suggests that it is useful to considerthe tests complementary, rather than competing. We find thatwhen a definite characterization of GDP can be made, it is verylikely to indicate a difference stationary process. However,the likelihood of making definite conclusions does vary positivelywith both income level and data quality. 相似文献
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DAVID REESON 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》1978,2(1):35-45
This paper outlines the development of local price comparison surveys in the United Kingdom and assesses their efficacy and value to consumers. The economic significance of such price information services is also considered. 相似文献
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Over the past 20 years, the defined benefit (DB) plan has been replaced by the defined contribution (DC) plan as the most popular form of pension plan. This study examines the likely consequences of this transformation for both the level and distribution of future pension wealth using a sample of DB and DC plans from the Survey of Consumer Finances. The results reveal that the shift from DB to DC plans is likely to simultaneously increase the level and inequality of pension wealth at retirement. The evidence also suggests that the shift to DC plans may result in less pension wealth at retirement for low‐income workers, women, and minorities. 相似文献
59.
DAVID EDELMAN 《Abacus》1995,31(1):113-119
The Lognormal price model is generalized to the class of Log-Stable Processes, a family which possesses self-similarity properties usually only associated with the Lognormal, but which, more generally, can model negatively skewed distributions of return. This generalization appears to explain several discrepancies between the Black-Scholes Model and observed market phenomena, such as the variation of implied volatility of option price with exercise price and term to expiry, and the nonzero probability of bankruptcy or ‘crash’. It will be argued that the class of maximally negatively skewed Stable distributions (a class which, paradoxically, contains the normal) may be utilized to produce models which imply these phenomena naturally. 相似文献
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We investigate the effect of growth opportunities in a firm's investment opportunity set on its joint choice of leverage, debt maturity, and covenants. Using a database that contains detailed debt covenant information, we provide large‐sample evidence of the incidence of covenants in public debt and construct firm‐level indices of bondholder covenant protection. We find that covenant protection is increasing in growth opportunities, debt maturity, and leverage. We also document that the negative relation between leverage and growth opportunities is significantly attenuated by covenant protection, suggesting that covenants can mitigate the agency costs of debt for high growth firms. 相似文献