全文获取类型
收费全文 | 16300篇 |
免费 | 318篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 3444篇 |
工业经济 | 1182篇 |
计划管理 | 2730篇 |
经济学 | 3694篇 |
综合类 | 204篇 |
运输经济 | 72篇 |
旅游经济 | 237篇 |
贸易经济 | 2462篇 |
农业经济 | 813篇 |
经济概况 | 1702篇 |
信息产业经济 | 2篇 |
邮电经济 | 77篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 169篇 |
2019年 | 229篇 |
2018年 | 258篇 |
2017年 | 312篇 |
2016年 | 290篇 |
2015年 | 200篇 |
2014年 | 316篇 |
2013年 | 1488篇 |
2012年 | 395篇 |
2011年 | 419篇 |
2010年 | 369篇 |
2009年 | 438篇 |
2008年 | 382篇 |
2007年 | 388篇 |
2006年 | 358篇 |
2005年 | 329篇 |
2004年 | 298篇 |
2003年 | 345篇 |
2002年 | 310篇 |
2001年 | 320篇 |
2000年 | 362篇 |
1999年 | 301篇 |
1998年 | 312篇 |
1997年 | 319篇 |
1996年 | 310篇 |
1995年 | 307篇 |
1994年 | 310篇 |
1993年 | 299篇 |
1992年 | 327篇 |
1991年 | 343篇 |
1990年 | 275篇 |
1989年 | 216篇 |
1988年 | 238篇 |
1987年 | 218篇 |
1986年 | 251篇 |
1985年 | 355篇 |
1984年 | 335篇 |
1983年 | 293篇 |
1982年 | 310篇 |
1981年 | 339篇 |
1980年 | 287篇 |
1979年 | 282篇 |
1978年 | 255篇 |
1977年 | 187篇 |
1976年 | 188篇 |
1975年 | 197篇 |
1974年 | 145篇 |
1973年 | 167篇 |
1972年 | 121篇 |
1971年 | 104篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 13 毫秒
751.
Rüdiger Ahrend 《Economic Systems》2012,36(3):426-443
This article uses “extreme-bound”-type analysis to revisit the determinants behind the widely differing economic growth in Russian regions prior to the recent global financial crisis. Using data of regional growth in 1995–2006 for 77 Russian regions, it examines the growth drivers for the phase of economic decline up to 1998 and for the period of strong growth afterwards separately. Looking at forty variables considered to be potentially related to growth, it determines, for each of the two periods, the ones robustly associated with Russian economic performance. Among the variables considered are proxies of politico-institutional features, indicators of economic reform, and measurements of both economic and non-economic initial conditions. The main findings are as follows: during the period of economic decline up to 1998, differences in Russian regional growth were almost entirely driven by initial conditions, with resource and human capital endowments, industrial structure, and geographical location playing the dominant roles. However, after the 1998 crisis, the importance of initial conditions declined and was basically reduced to fuel production, advantageous geographical location, and population structure. There is also some evidence that more reform-oriented policies and better regional leadership made a difference. These results could be seen as pointing to determinants of economic performance in periods of actual economic decline being different from those in normal times of economic growth. 相似文献
752.
The authors examine theory and research on team intimacy and team cohesion, and argue that the two have often been confused, merged, and used interchangeably in recent theoretical, empirical, and applied work on team effectiveness. The authors propose distinct definitions to clarify and distinguish between team intimacy and team cohesion, and suggest areas that will aid research and application. Their examination provides a framework for understanding the inconsistent findings in team effectiveness and team building research and thus helps to improve human resource management (HRM) interventions. 相似文献
753.
The ability of firms to attract qualified job applicants is a critical component of the human resource management process. However, while a large body of research has examined the relationship between firm recruitment practices and applicant pool attributes, very little research has investigated what factors are associated with organizational decision makers' utilization of specific recruitment tactics. We draw on labor economics, sociological, and agency theoretical perspectives to make predictions regarding the use of screening‐oriented recruitment messages in actual web‐based job advertisements. Results suggest that perceptions of labor supply, recruiting firm reputation, and the use of quality‐based compensation incentives are associated with use of screening‐oriented messages, which in turn are associated with applicant pool quality. These findings hold important theoretical insights into the factors shaping firm recruitment activity and provide practical strategic implications for managing firm recruitment objectives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
754.
755.
Curtis R. Price 《Managerial and Decision Economics》2012,33(7-8):531-536
Experimental evidence has documented that competition may enhance the performance of male subjects in some tasks when competition is imposed exogenously by the experimenter. This note describes data for a task where a simple agency relationship is established in the laboratory between two groups of agents, managers, and workers. The manager chooses from either the piece rate or tournament payment scheme for the worker. The results show that male performance decreases when the tournament is chosen for them by the manager and also suggests that the gender of the manager may be an important facet of the agency relationship. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
756.
This study aims to develop and test a concept for improving Anglo-Chinese business relationships. By piecing together and incorporating both Chinese and western relationship constructs into a cohesive framework and testing this on a sample of Taiwanese importers, the study conceptually and empirically advances our understanding of the discipline further. Specifically, three facets of guanxi, namely ganqing (an affective element), renqing (reciprocation and favor), and xinren (personal trust) are conceptualized to determine cooperation and coordination, which in turn lead to improved performance. Based on a sample of 208 buyers (surveying perceptions of their relationships with Anglo suppliers), we provide empirical support for our concept and reveal that ganqing, renqing and xinren are crucial for fostering the development of such Sino-Anglo relationships. By providing an international flavor in terms of the constructs outlined and the importer-exporter context, the study provides fresh insights to help broaden our horizon further and understand more about relationships in an international context. Several implications are extracted from the study which a) western marketers importantly need to practice as they grapple to enter Chinese markets and nurture business relations, b) Chinese buyers can consider when managing their supplier portfolios and c) academics can use to help measure important relational constructs and undertaking research in a Chinese context. 相似文献
757.
Suellen J. Hogan Author Vitae Geoffrey N. Soutar Author Vitae Janet R. McColl-Kennedy Author Vitae Jillian C. Sweeney Author Vitae 《Industrial Marketing Management》2011,40(8):1264-1273
Building on capability theory, this paper presents a reconceptualization of the innovation capability construct within a knowledge-intensive service context, specifically, professional service firms (PSFs). Employing a rigorous multi-stage scale development process we interviewed 37 participants and surveyed 463 respondents across a wide range of PSFs including lawyers, accountants, consulting engineers and management consultants. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses highlight the multi-dimensional nature of innovation capability within this context. Three dimensions were identified: client-focused, marketing-focused, and technology-focused innovation capability. We provide evidence of face validity, content validity, convergent and discriminant validity, nomological validity and reliability of our scale. Our scale offers a new way to measure innovation capability within PSFs and highlights the need to move beyond the narrow manufacturing mind-set focus of prior innovation research. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. 相似文献
758.
Detailed cost estimating in the automotive industry: Data and information requirements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The automotive industry operates in a very competitive market which requires controlling product costs, improving the product quality and shortening the development lead time. Cost estimation requires quality data and information, therefore this research project identified several issues that hinder this activity, namely a lack of resources and information acquiring and validation difficulties. This research paper presents the various data and information requirements for detailed cost estimating in automotive industry. The research project has identified the common cost estimation process model within the identified industry sector. The study identified the types of data and information requirements for cost estimating. It has also constructed the relevant data infrastructure as the basis for a Web Portal, which is the physical presentation of the information infrastructure. Multiple sources of data collection techniques were employed to identify the types of data needed for detailed cost estimates within a manufacturing company. These techniques include participant observation, semi-structured interviews, process models and document analysis of six different UK based automotive companies. Methods of process modelling like IDEF3 and knowledge capture technique known as X-Pat (eXpert Process Knowledge Analysis Tool) were employed in this study.This study makes several contributions concerning both conceptual and practicable information issues that have long vexed detailed cost estimating practices in the automotive industry. The study conceptually defines the detailed bottom-up information (i.e., individual cost elements and the links between them) needed for an accurate estimate of cost, and shows why each element of information is needed and where it fits into the cost model. To respond to the practicable information vexations, the study shows where to find the necessary cost information and proposes a validation method. The research creates useful knowledge in the form of an improved understanding of information requirements for cost estimates. The benefits to the industry of better cost estimates based on this research at the conceptual design stage include improved cost control and enhanced ability to adjust to anticipated market trends. 相似文献
759.
760.
We develop a game-theoretic model to study the timing of new product preannouncement and launch under competition. We derive firms’ optimal timing choices and conducted a numerical analysis to evaluate the role of various factors. Our analytical and numerical results showed that anticipated competitor’s timing choices are the most significant factors. A firm should not preannounce early unless the preannouncement is effective in creating pent-up demands. However, the preannouncement and launch should be rushed if the quality or profit margin of the new product is high, and postponed if the market share of the existing product is high. The market leader should preannounce earlier in a simultaneous game than in a sequential game, but the opposite for the market follower. Data collected from the microprocessor industry validated our model. 相似文献