农村保险市场发展现状及对策研究——以湖北省恩施州为例

商业保险在农村地区经济和社会的发展中发挥着重要作用。文章以湖北省恩施州为例,分析了农村地区保险发展水平及农村保险市场存在的问题,提出从优化市场结构和产品结构、加强商业保险和政策性保险的结合、缩小地区间保险发展差距等四个方面完善农村保险市场的措施。     

矿产资源规划实施政策措施分析

矿产资源规划实施政策是为了保证矿产资源总体规划能够得到全面实施而制定的各类政策的总和。我国已制定的矿产资源规划政策措施包括矿产资源总体规划编制政策、实施管理政策等。这些政策措施存在的主要问题是:规划法律地位不明确,管理制度需加强,缺乏有效的实施手段。"十一五"期间促进矿产资源规划实施的政策措施主要包括:矿产资源保护与合理利用政策,矿业权市场建设政策,矿产资源宏观调控政策。     

Economic burden of hospital malnutrition and the cost–benefit of supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients in Latin America

Abstract

Aim: Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is a prevalent condition that significantly increases the risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients, particularly those with critical illness. Limited data is available on the economic burden of DRM and the cost–benefit of nutrition therapy in high-risk populations in Latin America. The aims of the present study were to estimate the economic burden of DRM and evaluate the cost–benefit of supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) in critically ill patients who fail to receive adequate nutrient intake from enteral nutrition (EN) in Latin America.

Methods: Country-specific cost and prevalence data from eight Latin American countries and clinical data from studies evaluating outcomes in patients with DRM were used to estimate the costs associated with DRM in public hospitals. A deterministic decision model based on clinical outcomes from a randomized controlled study and country-specific cost data were developed to examine the cost–benefit of administering SPN to critically ill adults who fail to reach ≥60% of the calculated energy target with EN.

Results: The estimated annual economic burden of DRM in public hospitals in Latin America is $10.19 billion (range, $8.44 billion–$11.72 billion). Critically ill patients account for a disproportionate share of the costs, with a 6.5-fold higher average cost per patient compared with those in the ward ($5488.35 vs. $839.76). Model-derived estimates for clinical outcomes and resource utilization showed that administration of SPN to critically ill patients who fail to receive the targeted energy delivery with EN would result in an annual cost reduction of $10.2 million compared with continued administration of EN alone.

Limitations: The cost calculation was limited to the average daily cost of stay and antibiotic use. The costs associated with other common complications of DRM, such as prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation or more frequent readmission, are unknown.

Conclusions: DRM imposes a substantial economic burden on Latin American countries, with critically ill patients accounting for a disproportionate share of costs. Cost–benefit analysis suggests that both improved clinical outcomes and significant cost savings can be achieved through the adoption of SPN as a therapeutic strategy in critically ill patients who fail to receive adequate nutrient intake from EN.     

Investment dynamics with common and private values

We study a dynamic investment game with two-dimensional signals, where each firm observes its continuously distributed idiosyncratic cost of investment and a discrete signal correlated with common investment returns. We demonstrate that the one-step property holds and provide an equilibrium existence/characterization result. “Reversals” are possible, where a large number of firms investing in a given round becomes bad news about investment returns. Welfare is compared to static and rigid-timing benchmarks, and computed for large economies.     

再论网络经济对传统经济理论的挑战

文章从五个方面论述了网络经济与传统经济理论所不同的经济规律,分析了网络经济与传统经济理论的逻辑关系,提出应该建立专门研究网络经济的网络经济学的观点。     

税收优惠、社会性支出与外商直接投资——基于省际面板数据联立方程模型的研究

笔者利用我国1999年～2010年省际面板数据,实证研究了税收与FDI之间的非线性关系和社会性支出及其结构对FDI流入的影响.研究结果表明,现阶段,外资在进行区位选择的过程中并没有将税收优惠视为主导性因素,而是更重视当地的社会性支出水平;社会性支出与FDI之间存在显著的正向关系;FDI与税收之间存在倒U型曲线关系;社会性支出结构对FDI流入具有不同的影响.     

井冈山风景区公路网络整体可达性分析

运用可达性方法定量研究井冈山风景区公路网络空间结构,考虑地形、道路等级、拥挤度等因素对车速的影响,采用加权平均旅行时间评价指标,分析不同旅游季节景点可达性和对外可达性变化。研究表明:1井冈山风景区景点可达性和对外可达性分别呈现"中心—外围"摄动变形的圈层结构与"东—西"摄动变形的圈层结构,可达性空间分布遵循空间距离衰减性、交通指向性、高等级路网指向性等。2旅游季节因素对可达性影响显著,旅游旺季可达性水平发生明显变化,可达性空间分布也受其影响。3路网结构、景点布局和节点规模是影响可达性分布的重要因子。在此基础上,提出了可达性优化建议。     

OFDI对中国产业比较优势动态升级的影响

随着经济全球化的发展,国际分工深化为全球价值链分工。从规模效应、结构效应、技术效应3个方面阐释了OFDI对比较优势动态升级的影响机理,利用WIOD数据库测算出1995-2014年中国制造业出口增加值、产业出口优化度EO指数、GVC地位指数并分别表征规模效应、结构效应、技术效应,应用改进后的贸易引力模型和时间序列模型,对3个效应进行检验。研究结果显示,中国企业开展OFDI可以促进比较优势的动态升级,实现价值链攀升。     

基于能值分析的徐州生态经济系统可持续性评价

以徐州为研究对象,在2002-2006年生态经济系统能值流计算的基础上建立能值指标体系,分析系统内社会、经济和生态子系统之间的数量关系;结果表明,近几年系统净能值产出率远大于1,说明生产效率保持在一个很高的水平;环境负荷率一直在较高水平波动,最大时为江苏省的3倍,说明系统高强度的能值使用给环境带来了巨大压力;能值/货币比率的下降、以及能值密度和人均能值用量不断上升,进一步证明了区域经济发展水平及城市化程度的提高;可持续发展性能指标整体呈下降趋势,表明系统可持续发展性能逐年减弱。     

The Layoff Rat Race*

We investigate how discretionary investments in general and specific human capital are affected by the possibility of layoffs. After investments are made, firms may have to lay off workers, and will do so in inverse order of the profit that each worker generates. Greater skill investments, especially in specific human capital, contribute more to a firm's bottom line, so that workers who make those investments will be laid off last. We show that as long as workers' bargaining positions are not too weak, workers invest in specific human capital in order to reduce layoff probabilities. Indeed, workers over‐invest in skill acquisition from a social perspective whenever their bargaining power is strong enough, even though they only receive a share of any investment. More generally, we characterize how equilibrium skill investments are affected by the distribution of worker abilities within firms, the probability that a firm will downsize, and the distribution of employment opportunities in the economy.