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991.
Marginal abatement costs of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture, cost effectiveness, and the EU non-ETS burden sharing agreement 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We propose a quantitative assessment of the marginal abatement costs (MAC) of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture and analyze the implications of the non-ETS burden-sharing agreement (BSA) for this sector. This assessment is based on MAC reduced forms, the generic specification of which enables simple parameterization and numerical computations. Such MAC curves are parameterized for each Member State using the outputs of a detailed model of the European agricultural supply. They are then used to compute total and marginal abatement costs involved by the BSA targets, as well as the cost-effective effort sharing, the corresponding emission price and abatement costs. The main findings are: (i) flexibility mechanisms such as a cap-and-trade system for agricultural emissions could reduce the total costs of meeting the 10% EU abatement target by a factor two to three relative to the strict implementation of each country's target, (ii) the corresponding equilibrium emission price is found to be 32-42 €/tCO2eq depending on the assumption regarding business-as-usual emissions, and (iii) a cap-and-trade system with allowances based on the BSA targets would involve substantial transfers from EU-15 countries to New Member States, an important share of which being made of ‘hot air’. 相似文献
992.
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994.
德勒格尔 《内蒙古财经学院学报(综合版)》2011,9(1):140-143
农业是国民经济的基础性产业,也是带有风险性的弱质产业,它发展的优劣直接制约着国民经济的发展。中国是农业灾害发生最为严重的国家之一,而农业保险是农业风险重要的控制方式,农业保险作为一项风险转嫁、损失分摊的经济补偿制度,己成为国际上主要的非价格农业保护工具之一,对保证农业生产的持续稳定发展有着十分重要的意义。面对国内外农业保险发展的新形势,如何开展政策性农业保险工作,建立一套具有较高保障能力和运转效率的农业保险支持体系,是摆在政府面前的一项重要的任务。 相似文献
995.
Todd D. Fantz Michael A. De Miranda Thomas J. Siller 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2011,21(3):307-320
With the rapid advances in civilization, technological breakthroughs, and a globally growing workforce, there is a strong
need for engineers capable of working in the 21st century environment (Galloway, The 21st century engineer: A proposal for
engineering education reform. ASCE, Washington DC 2008). To help increase the quality and quantity of students choosing to pursue engineering, leaders have called on K-12 education
to look for methods of inserting pre-engineering into the K-12 curriculum. Leaders in technology education have responded
to the call to develop top quality candidates for engineers by infusing engineering into the technology education curriculum.
Teacher preparation programs have used various methods to provide future technology teachers with the required content knowledge
in order to effectively teach engineering design within the technology curriculum. One such program uses an ABET accredited
engineering curriculum for the content and additional training to strengthen engineering education pedagogy for technology
teachers. Students who graduate from this program possess both an engineering degree and technology teaching license. The
purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the differences between technology teachers from this program and traditionally
trained technology teachers. In particular, how each group incorporates the engineering design process in classroom assignments.
Design briefs were gathered from pre-service teachers who graduated from the aforementioned program and compared to design
briefs of practicing technology teachers around the United States. The engineering design process was used to develop a rubric
to compare the usage of engineering content between the two groups. It was found that students with 4 years of engineering
training were more likely to use all steps of the engineering design process. Further examination illustrates that engineering
trained technology teachers were significantly more likely to use mathematical and analytical methods to determine optimum
solutions. In order for technology education teachers to effectively infuse engineering design into coursework, they need
to be familiar and comfortable with the engineering sciences and the design process. With limited engineering design experience,
technology teachers are not as likely to use optimization techniques involving mathematical and analytical reasoning. These
concepts are critical for engineering students to be successful in college engineering programs and beyond. 相似文献
996.
Planning and scheduling significantly influence organizational performance, but literature that pays attention to how organizations could or should organize and assess their planning processes is limited. We extend planning and scheduling theory with a categorization of scheduling performance criteria, based on a three-stage survey research design. Particularly, the results show that, next to schedule quality, the planning process factors timeliness, flexibility, communication, and negotiation are important performance criteria, and especially so in organizations that are faced with high levels of uncertainty. The results suggest that organizational and behavioral aspects of planning and scheduling cannot be mitigated with advanced models and software that solely focus on good schedules. Rather, high quality schedules and high quality scheduling processes need to be facilitated simultaneously to attain high planning and scheduling performance. 相似文献
997.
De Cauter L 《International journal of urban and regional research》2011,35(2):421-430
Based on interviews with Beirut intellectuals and architects, this essay endeavours to trace the contours for a phenomenology or anthropology of civil war. Thomas Hobbes serves as a guide, with his idea of civil war representing a relapse into the ‘state of nature’; as absence of sovereignty resulting in a ‘war of everybody against everybody’. The effects of ever-latent civil war in Beirut are far-reaching: the fragmentation of urban space and the disappearance of public space, the loss of memory and the fragmentation of time, even the reification of language. In the collective imagination and in the arts, Beirut appears as a ghost town, a spectral city with a spectral civility. What we discover is a city, its inhabitants, its social behaviour, but also its art and literature, in the grip of post-traumatic stress syndrome. From all this, we take home two things: first, any city can (at least in principle) relapse into a similar state of nature — Beirut can become a paradigm of latent civil war; and second, the traumatic modernity of Beirut mirrors the traumatic artistic expressions of modernism — the shock of modernity is also always a modernity of shock. 相似文献
998.
In this paper we disentangle, analytically and empirically, the roles of the unit-exposure restriction in Heston and Rouwenhorst (1994). We show that if the purpose is to construct factors, the unit-exposure variance-analysis model can be viewed as just an algorithm that does not really assume a return-generating process; and in practice the effect of relaxing the restriction is immaterial. The restriction is more important if one wants to estimate whether, for a typical stock, the country factor generates more variance than the sector factor: exposure estimation becomes more important (i) the further the average exposures are from unity; or (ii) the higher the dispersion of the exposures. With respect to (i), the more important the corrections for sector (or geographical) structure in country (or sector) factors are, the more the average exposure falls below unity. Thus, the average exposure provides an alternative indicator of the importance of country versus sector effects. We empirically find that the average sector exposure is low (0.3) compared to the average country exposure (0.9). With respect to (ii) we correct the dispersion of exposures for estimation error in the exposures. We find that in our sample these estimation error corrections are more important for sector factors than for country factors, and that country factors are generating far more variance, in a typical stock's return, than do sector factors. 相似文献
999.
Cherrie Jiuhua Zhu S. Bruce Thomson Kate Hutchings Helen De Cieri 《Thunderbird国际商业评论》2011,53(3):311-324
This article aims to address Dunning's call to include the “human environment” (HE) as a new trend and trajectory for research in international business (IB). Dunning argues that the most important driver for economic advancement is knowledge, which arises from the HE. We extend Dunning's IB theory of the five stages of a country's investment development path (IDP) to include the HE factor. Further, we use China as an example in which to examine the role of human resource management (HRM). We identify and analyze an important link between foreign direct investment, multinational enterprises, and both domestic and global HRM. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
1000.
Nowadays, it is widely believed that greater disclosure and clarity over policy may lead to greater predictability of central
bank actions. We examine whether communication by the European Central Bank (ECB) adds information compared to the information
provided by a Taylor rule model in which real-time expected inflation and output growth are used. We use five indicators of
ECB communication that are all based on the ECB President’s introductory statement at the press conference following an ECB
policy meeting. Our results suggest that even though the indicators are sometimes quite different from one another, they add
information that helps predict the next policy decision of the ECB. Furthermore, also when the interbank rate is included
in our Taylor rule model, the ECB communication indicators remain significant. 相似文献