Competitive Product Development in the Financial Services Industry—A Knowledge-Based Approach

The development of innovative products and the ability to quickly adapt to changes is important for financial institutions in today's highly competitive environment. The information system department has to create the required information technology support (IT support) for these tasks. A model that allows the characterization of bank products by means of parameter sets and integrity constraints that in most cases may be viewed as business rules will be presented. Based on this parameter model a prototype system was developed to verify the approach used. This system also provides support for the areas of risk and yield management and may be used as a basis for systems providing counselling services. The prototype was implemented by coupling PROLOG and a relational database system. Arguments will be presented against the use of object-oriented database systems and in favour of the currently less popular deductive database approach. The approach presented may be extended such that products related to the life insurance business may also be covered.     

Quo vadis, FAO?

The present recession in aid funding and the ongoing transformation of the United Nations development programme and project management approach calls for fresh ideas, particularly from within the UN specialized agencies. In the largest of these, PAO, a process of self-reflection and intellectual fermentation seems to be taking place to some extent in response to the important November 1993 biennial FAO Conference. The Conference marks the end of the third consecutive six-year electoral term of the organization's Director-General. This article presents for debate some critical issues and opportunities which appear timely for consideration by those working within and outside FAO on the design of realistic development policies.     

Strategic Environmental Policy, Clean Technologies and the Learning Curve

In the political discussion, it is often emphasized that the environmental service industry (which produces a clean factor of production) benefits from an early and strong environmental policy. This is especially likely if the costs of production are decreasing over time due to learning curve effects. Surprisingly, the environmental service industry has not been integrated into the theory of strategic environmental policy yet. Our main question is whether a national leadership in environmental policy can pay off if profits of the environmental service industry are taken into account. We consider a two-period model with one firm in each country competing on a third market. Emissions can be substituted by the clean factor when deciding upon the production technology. The unit costs of producing the clean factor in the second period are decreasing in the quantity produced in the initial period. We derive the optimal environmental policy for both periods from a national point of view and show that the presence of the environmental service industry can indeed lead to a national leadership in pollution control.     

Safety regulation and monitor liability

We propose a simple liability rule when several agents are jointly responsible for monitoring a risky economic activity or certifying its security. Examples are safety controls for drugs or technical systems, environmental liability, or air safety accidents. The agents have private knowledge of their monitoring or avoidance costs. We adopt a mechanism design approach to ensure optimal monitoring incentives. Our innovation is to focus on information that is available or can be proxied when harm has occurred and when typically regulators and/or courts deliberate over fines and damages. By contrast, earlier proposals require more estimations of hypothetical accident scenarios and their ex ante probabilities. We argue that our rule promises substantial savings in information costs for courts and regulators and excludes likely sources of errors. Received: 11 October 2000 / Accepted: 14 September 2001 We are grateful to Doug Bernheim, Lewis Kornhauser, Kai-Uwe Kühn and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and discussions, and to an associate editor in particular for very valuable suggestions. Financial support from the European Commission (TMR Grant ERBFMBICT 972827) and from Thyssen Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.     

Why costless auditing may reduce social welfare

We analyze a model where both a regulator and a firm may detect and stop bad projects. We show that full auditing by the regulator may be socially suboptimal even with zero auditing costs. The reason is that the firm's own auditing incentive may be crowded out when protected by limited liability. The optimal policy depends on the firm's wealth.     

International Technology Transfers and Competition*

This paper analyzes North–South technology transfers in a model of oligopolistic competition and spatial product differentiation. Two firms in the North supply a high‐tech good and a technically related low‐tech good. They decide about licensing the low‐tech good to suppliers in the South. With the license Southern firms get access to technology from the North, which enables them—with a certain probability—to enter the market for the high‐tech good. Northern firms may therefore license strategically to influence the competitive environment in the high‐tech market. In this setting, multiple equilibria with and without licensing may arise, and the resulting outcomes may be inefficient from the viewpoint of the Northern firms.     

REVENUE SHARING IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS LEAGUES

We employ a model of n heterogenous profit-maximizing clubs to analyze the impact of revenue sharing in professional sports leagues on competitive balance. Revenues of each club depend on absolute quality, relative quality and on competitive balance itself so that our model captures much of the preceding literature as special cases. We show that revenue sharing always increases competitive balance if clubs differ only with respect to the impact of absolute quality on revenues. On the contrary, revenue sharing reduces competitive balance if only clubs' relative qualities play a role for revenues or if only two teams are considered.     

The limits of leverage

When trading incurs proportional costs, leverage can scale an asset's return only up to a maximum multiple, which is sensitive to its volatility and liquidity. In a model with one safe and one risky asset, with constant investment opportunities and proportional costs, we find strategies that maximize long‐term returns given average volatility. As leverage increases, rising rebalancing costs imply declining Sharpe ratios. Beyond a critical level, even returns decline. Holding the Sharpe ratio constant, higher asset volatility leads to superior returns through lower costs.