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181.
182.
Elisabeth Paul 《Asian-Pacific economic literature》2006,20(1):1-17
This paper surveys the theoretical economic literature on foreign aid—in particular, the aid donor–recipient relationship. Economic theory, especially new institutional economics, can be very helpful in understanding foreign aid relationships—especially the incentive problems involved—and in designing institutions to improve aid effectiveness. In particular, it helps in understanding the chain of principal–agent relations inherent in the aid delivery system and the resulting potential for agency problems. The survey shows that economic theory can improve the design of cooperation modalities by aligning the incentives of donors and recipients for poverty reduction, but that, in order to address the problems, policy analysis must take into account the constraints faced by stakeholders in the aid relationship. The aid 'contract' should thus seek to improve the agents' incentives to use aid effectively, given the circumstances of the developing country. 相似文献
183.
Elisabeth Curtis 《Journal of Monetary Economics》2004,51(8):1599-1621
We study models combining search, money, price posting, and preference shocks. We show how these features interact to influence the price level and price dispersion. First, price-posting equilibria exist with valued fiat currency. Second, although both are possible, price dispersion is more common than a single price. Third, we prove that generically there cannot be more than two prices. We provide intuition for this law of two prices, show it also holds in some nonmonetary search models, and discuss variations of the assumptions under which it may not hold. 相似文献
184.
185.
From the onset of the 2008–2009 financial crisis to the subsequent European sovereign debt crisis, credit rating agencies have been assigned considerable blame. Reforming the credit rating industry has hence become an important policy issue. In addition to the regulatory efforts in the context of accepting the for-profit business model of ratings, there is a growing realization that credit ratings bear the characteristics of a public good. Financial market participants need reliable, transparent and independent assessment of credit risks. Credit ratings are therefore better viewed as an infrastructure matter. However, the proposed regulations seem to have missed this point. This paper introduces a new approach to credit ratings undertaken by the Risk Management Institute at the National University of Singapore that is predicated on the provision of credit ratings as a public good. With a public good alternative in place, the currently predominant for-profit business model may be counterbalanced. 相似文献
186.
Drawing on existing theory in the fields of business ethics, entrepreneurship, and psychology, this research provides an initial empirical exploration of whether entrepreneurs use cognitive reasoning processes which reflect a higher level of moral development than the level of moral development that has been empirically observed either in middle-level managers or in the general adult population. The Defining Issues Test was used to measure the level of moral reasoning skill of the entrepreneurs in this study. Although the study was limited by a small sample size and the inherent difficulty of making accurate comparisons across other empirical studies, the results of this study suggest that entrepreneurs may exhibit moral reasoning skills at a slightly higher level than middle-level managers or the general adult population. 相似文献
187.
Bernard Walliser 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1998,8(1):67-87
In game theory, four dynamic processes converging towards an equilibrium are distinguished and ordered by way of agents'
decreasing cognitive capacities. In the eductive process, each player has enough information to simulate perfectly the others'
behavior and gets immediately to the equilibrium. In epistemic learning, each player updates his beliefs about others' future
strategies, with regard to their sequentially observed actions. In behavioral learning, each player modifies his own strategies
according to the observed payoffs obtained from his past actions. In the evolutionary process, each agent has a fixed strategy
and reproduces in proportion to the utilities obtained through stochastic interactions. All along the spectrum, longer term
dynamics makes up for weaker rationality, and physical relations substitute for mental interactions. Convergence, if any,
is towards an always stronger equilibrium notion and selection of an equilibrium state becomes more sensitive to context and
history. The processes can be mixed if associated to different periods, agents or mechanisms and deepened if obtained by formal
reasoning principles. 相似文献
188.
This research note discusses findings from an exploratory study of people's perceptions of the economic situation in October 1981. The survey, as did earlier ones, reveals that there is a wide communications gap between governments, politicians, economists, journalists vis-à-vis members of the general public. 相似文献
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190.
Marita Zimmermann Elisabeth Vodicka Andrew J. Holman Louis P. Garrison Jr. 《Journal of medical economics》2018,21(7):712-720
Background: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) testing with heart rate variability (HRV) has been shown in early research to predict 52-week outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). HRV testing could be combined with putative ANS biologic pathways to improve treatment response for RA patients. This study explored potential costs and health outcomes of introducing HRV testing into RA treatment, without and with ANS optimization.Methods: A decision tree exploratory economic model compared HRV testing to standard care in moderate-to-severe biologic-eligible patients over a 10-year time horizon. HRV data was derived from an observational study of RA patients (n?=?33). Patients were stratified into treatment groups based on HRV test scores indicating “low probability of response” and “moderate to high probability of response”. This study explored adding ANS optimization based on HRV score followed by clinically-appropriate treatment. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for the US population were estimated.Results: HRV testing in biologic-eligible patients decreased non-effective biologic use, reducing US healthcare costs by $34.6 billion over 10 years with QALYs unchanged. When combined with ANS optimization in biologic-eligible patients, HRV testing could increase costs by $3.6 billion over 10 years but save over 350,000 QALYs. Among all RA patients, HRV testing with ANS optimization could save over $8 billion and over 100,000 QALYs over 10 years, depending on the positive predictive value (PPV) of the HRV test.Conclusions: The potential economic impact of introducing HRV testing and ANS optimization into RA treatment appears substantial and cost-effective based on the exploratory analysis. Additional rigorous studies are warranted in larger patient samples to better inform decision-making. 相似文献