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排序方式: 共有193条查询结果,搜索用时 681 毫秒
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This paper studies the cumulative proportional reinforcement (CPR) rule, according to which an agent plays, at each period, an action with a probability proportional to the cumulative utility that the agent has obtained with that action. The asymptotic properties of this learning process are examined for a decision-maker under risk, where it converges almost surely toward the expected utility maximizing action(s). The process is further considered in a two-player game; it converges with positive probability toward any strict pure Nash equilibrium and converges with zero probability toward some mixed equilibria (which are characterized). The CPR rule is compared in its principles with other reinforcement rules and with replicator dynamics. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C72. 相似文献
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Abstract. We analyse the relationship between managerial ownership and company performance, testing the incentive and entrenchment hypothesis. Differently from previous literature, we focus on small and medium-sized private enterprises which constitute an important part of the German economy. We use a panel of 356 companies in the German business-related service sector for the years 1997–2000. Our findings are that performance, measured by survey-based profit information, is increasing in managerial ownership by up to around 40 per cent. We do not find a significant entrenchment effect, possibly because, at levels at which managers could become entrenched, they already bear a large proportion of the costs and have therefore an incentive to maximize company value. 相似文献
66.
How does advertising influence consumer decisions and market outcomes? We utilize detailed data on consumer shopping behavior and choices over bank accounts to investigate the effects of advertising on the different stages of the shopping process: awareness, consideration, and choice. We formulate a structural model with costly search and endogenous consideration sets, and show that advertising in the U.S. banking industry is primarily a shifter of awareness as opposed to consideration or choice. Advertising makes consumers aware of more options, search more, and find better alternatives. This increases the market share of smaller banks and makes the industry more competitive. 相似文献
67.
Elisabeth Dedman 《Accounting & Business Research》2013,43(1):33-50
This study examines whether the Cadbury Committee recommendations regarding board structure have increased the power of boards to replace poorly performing CEOs. It also looks at whether institutional investors have become more proactive in this regard post-Cadbury. The study employs a comprehensive sample of UK listed firms between 1990 and 1995. Firm performance, CEO ownership and institutional ownership are found to be significantly related to the probability of non-routine top executive turnover. It appears that the managerial labour market is disciplining managers more quickly after Cadbury. However, there is no evidence that this is because boards have become more likely to remove CEOs following poor performance. Neither is any evidence found to support the assertions of institutional investors who claim to be more proactive since Cadbury. It is concluded that neither the Cadbury board structure reforms, nor the professed change in behaviour of institutional investors, has reduced the agency problem of managerial entrenchment in large UK firms. 相似文献
68.
We compare skill sets of employees working in businesses of different size to the skill sets of entrepreneurs. Employees in large businesses tend to have a lower skill balance than those working in small businesses; yet, the skill balance of entrepreneurs remains the largest. Our evidence suggests that the skill level and skill scope matter for balance and increase with formal education levels but decrease with the number of previous occupations. We find a positive relationship between skill balance and income that is strongest for entrepreneurs. For employees, the relationship remains positive but the magnitude of the association decreases when business size increases. 相似文献
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Precise assessment of the competitive conditions is the necessary foundation of numerous stability, productivity and profitability analyses of the banking industry. From a theoretical point of view, a wide range of alternative approaches are available. Nonetheless, the operationalisation of these measures has proved difficult due to regional market conditions, individual business models and generally high data requirements. Considerable divergences and contradictory results are revealed by a comparison of more than 50 studies from four decades. In reference to the resilience and comparability of regulatory inferences, the question remains as to which measure should be favoured in the future. 相似文献
70.
European and national policies are aimed at reducing greenhouse gases and increasing energy efficiency—also in the household
sector. For this purpose, new solutions for private homes based on information and communication technologies (ICT) are being
developed and tested. However, up to now, hardly anyone has seen, experienced or lived in an environment that offers the full
range of ICT-based energy management solutions. In this study, consumer reactions to a fully furnished and equipped smart
home are analysed using focus groups (four groups with a total of 29 participants). The analysis looks at consumer perceptions
of and reactions to an energy management system which optimizes electricity consumption based on different ICT solutions.
The topics that were demonstrated in practice and then discussed with the participants included variable tariffs, smart metering,
smart appliances, and home automation. In general, there were positive group reactions to the smart home environment. Consumers
saw many advantages for themselves; especially the chance to save money. However, giving up high levels of flexibility and
adapting everyday routines to fit in with electricity tariffs were regarded as difficult. Smart appliances and smart meters
were therefore considered to be necessary elements by most participants. Concerns regarding data privacy played a major role
in one of the groups. 相似文献