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201.
美国市场经济比较成熟,政府对企业的经营范围与经营方式很少限制,但对各行业产品进出口、批发、零售均有极为详尽的法规与执照要求,而且执法十分严厉。如美国对于产品责任的规定,使得外国制造商任何不慎的举动均可能导致巨额损失。 相似文献
202.
Amy M. Nagler Dale J. Menkhaus Christopher T. Bastian Nicole S. Ballenger Erik O'Donoghue C. Edwin Young 《Review of Agricultural Economics》2009,31(2):222-230
Experimental economics procedures were used to investigate impacts of a proposed bond scheme on production decisions. As expected, production with subsidy payments tied to a support price was substantially higher than with no policy. A shift from the support price to equivalent annual or lump-sum payments not tied to price resulted in production at or near no-policy levels, providing empirical evidence to support the theoretical prediction that bond schemes would not result in production distortions. Potential extensions to the basic model used in this study also are presented. 相似文献
203.
204.
The direct ownership structure in a sector can be readily obtained from data on shareholding. Due to cross-shareholding, however,
the true ownership structure may be hidden by a complex network of indirect relations. In studying the property structure,
two important aspects are the size of the relations between primary owners (e.g. individuals) and secondary owners (e.g. companies),
and the distance between them. The distance is obtained from the average number of secondary owners via whom the relation
runs. As an empirical application, we study the banking sector in the Czech Republic, where also the relation between distance
and separation of dividend and control rights is discussed.
相似文献
205.
Erik Millstone 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2013,25(3):329-340
The complex relationship between innovation and regulation in the food industry is analyzed with a view to identifying the ways in which regulation both promotes and inhibits particular kinds of innovation, and also the relevance of both innovation and regulation to the protection and improvement of public health. The effects of regulation on innovation are complex, since regulation simultaneously inhibits some kinds of development while encouraging others, but those which are inhibited are typically unsafe or undesirale. There is, however, no evidence that public welfare is being undermined by excessive regulations or by too few innovations in the food sector. 相似文献
206.
Erik Van der Vleuten 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2013,25(3):395-414
Infrastructural and societal changes intertwine in multiple ways. This makes the societal implications of infrastructural projects difficult to assess and anticipate. Yet in present day network societies this task is particularly urgent. This paper first identifies two positions that tend to monopolize and deadlock debates. Next it examines two decades of research in the Large Technical System (LTS) research field for alternative approaches to this issue, before finally suggesting distinguishing between the four increasingly indirect moments of (co-) construction of infrastructures and societies. These may be related causally, but also add their own moments of contingency, agency, and choice. 相似文献
207.
The impact of quality on the demand facing health care providers has important implications for the industrial organization of health care markets. In this paper we study the consumers' choice of general practitioner (GP), assuming they are unable to observe the true quality of GP services. A panel data set for 484 Norwegian GPs, with summary information on their patient stocks, renders the opportunity to identify and measure the impact of GP quality on the demand, accounting for patient health heterogeneity. We apply a multi-equation model in the LISREL format, with GP quality and patient health as latent determinants of demand for GP services. Patient excess mortality rate at the GP level is one indicator of quality. Our results indicate that GP quality has a clear positive effect on demand, even when patient heterogeneity is accounted for. 相似文献
208.
Erik Devos Upinder Dhillon Murali Jagannathan Srinivasan Krishnamurthy 《Journal of Corporate Finance》2012,18(3):664-682
In this paper, we examine why firms have no debt in their capital structure. We reject the hypothesis that zero-leverage policies are driven by entrenched managers attempting to avoid the disciplinary pressures of debt. These firms do not have weaker internal or external governance mechanisms. The debt initiation decisions of these firms are not preceded by shocks to their entrenchment, such as takeover threats or the emergence of activist blockholders. Our evidence supports the hypothesis that these firms are financially constrained. Zero-debt firms are small, young, conserve cash from cash-flow, and are more likely to lease their assets. When they have access to a line of credit, they face stricter covenants and higher all-in costs than comparable control firms. They lose market share in economic downturns, consistent with the financial constraints explanation, but inconsistent with theories of predation which suggest that they may be voluntarily stockpiling debt capacity. 相似文献
209.
Chris Storey Pinar Cankurtaran Paulina Papastathopoulou Erik Jan Hultink 《Journal of Product Innovation Management》2016,33(5):527-548
Service sectors form a considerable part of the world economy. Contrary to the logical assumption that service innovation research should represent a significant share of all innovation research, the vast majority of innovation studies focus on products as opposed to services. This research presents a meta‐analysis of the antecedents of service innovation performance conducted on 92 independent samples obtained from 114 articles published between 1989 and 2015. This research contributes to our understanding of service innovation in three major ways. First, this is the first meta‐analysis that specifically assesses the relative importance of antecedents of service innovation performance, while also pinpointing the differences in meta‐analytic findings between antecedents of service and product innovation performance. Although there are some universal success factors that transcend the boundaries between services and products, the presence of marked differences implies that it would be wrong to treat the development of new services and new products as the same. Second, the meta‐analysis demonstrates that the antecedents of service innovation performance are contingent on the sector context (i.e., explicit versus tacit services). Comparing results between products and services, and between tacit and explicit services, there appears to be a continuum where explicit services sit interstitial between tacit services on one side and products on the other. Third, the meta‐analysis compares and contrasts the antecedents of two dimensions of service innovation performance (i.e., commercial success and strategic competitive advantage). Previous meta‐analyses treated these two dependent variables collectively, which falls short of identifying issues that may affect management decisions when faced with different objectives. Additionally, this research investigates the effect of several other moderators (i.e., culture, unit of analysis, journal quality, and year of publication) on the relationships between the antecedents and service innovation performance. The results are discussed in relation to their implications for research and managerial practice. 相似文献
210.
Erik Bengtsson 《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2014,62(3):290-314
The distribution of national income between capital and labour is a classical theme in political economy. This paper takes a long-run perspective to the issue and asks two questions: How did the distribution of income between capital and labour develop in Sweden from 1900 to 2000? And how can this development best be explained? It is shown that labour's share in Sweden in the 100 years from 1900 to 2000 saw three important shifts, and the three shifts are analyzed. Around 1920, there was a surge in labour's share as workers mobilised in trade unions and universal suffrage and the eight-hour working day in manufacturing strengthened the bargaining power of workers. From 1950 until the late 1970s, there was another period of an increasing labour share, when the welfare state expanded and trade unions were strong. Contra the well-known postwar wage moderation analysis, there was no wage moderation in Sweden during the 1950s and 1960s, but rather the opposite: wages increased faster than productivity which caused a redistribution from capital to labour and reduced income inequality. The third shift occurred around 1980 when labour's share started a continuous decrease, beginning with several devaluations intended to increase profitability and competitiveness of Swedish business. 相似文献