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91.
92.
Georg Zaklan Frank Westerhoff Dietrich Stauffer 《Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination》2009,4(1):1-14
We develop a model of tax evasion based on the Ising model. We augment the model using an appropriate enforcement mechanism
that may allow policy makers to curb tax evasion. With a certain probability tax evaders are subject to an audit. If they
get caught they behave honestly for a certain number of periods. Simulating the model for a range of parameter combinations,
we show that tax evasion may be controlled effectively by using punishment as an enforcement mechanism. 相似文献
93.
William A. Darity Jr. Bidisha Lahiri Dania V. Frank 《Review of Development Economics》2010,14(2):248-261
We examine how different methods of reparations payments to African‐Americans affect both the black and nonblack populations of the United States using the framework of the transfer‐problem from international trade theory as a theoretical foundation. We find that reparations payments that provide incentives for blacks to use the payment toward purchases of goods and services produced by nonblacks might expand the income gap. Also a reparations payment in the absence of productive capacity owned by blacks is found to have no final positive impact on black income. These results indicate that a reparations payment strategy must be carefully and cautiously conceived in order to achieve the desired effects. 相似文献
94.
Clement K.W. Chow Frank M. Song Kit Pong Wong 《International Review of Economics & Finance》2010,19(2):219-227
This paper examines the incentive effects of the soft budget constraint on the investment behavior of firms in general and on the investment-cash flow sensitivity in particular. To this end, we develop a simple model of moral hazard that takes the soft budget constraint into account. Within this moral hazard environment, we show that investment is positively related to the amount of internal funds. We further show that the presence of the soft budget constraint deteriorates the moral hazard problem, thereby making the investment level less sensitive to the amount of internal funds. This is the case irrespective of whether the soft budget constraint renders the firm more or less liquidity constrained. To test the model's empirical implications, we employ data of China's listed companies for the period from 1997 to 2003. We use the share of state ownership as a proxy for the severity of the soft budget constraint. We find strong evidence that firms with larger shares of state ownership exhibit lower investment-cash flow sensitivities than firms with smaller shares of state ownership. 相似文献
95.
96.
If consumers wholly or partially control a firm with market power they will charge less than the profit maximizing price.
Starting at the usual monopoly price, a small price reduction will have a second order effect on profits but a first order
effect on consumer surplus. Despite this desirable static result, it has been argued that cooperatives are vulnerable to take-over
by outsiders who will run them as for-profit businesses. This paper studies takeovers of cooperatives. We argue that there
will not be excessive takeovers of cooperatives due to the Grossman-Hart problem of free riding during takeovers. 相似文献
97.
Carol Propper Matt Sutton Carolyn Whitnall Frank Windmeijer 《Journal of public economics》2010,94(3-4):318-335
Performance targets are commonly used in the public sector, despite their well known problems when organisations have multiple objectives and performance is difficult to measure. It is possible that such targets may work where there is considerable consensus that performance needs to be improved. We investigate this possibility by examining the response of the English National Health Service to high profile waiting time targets. We exploit a natural policy experiment between two countries of the UK (England and Scotland) to establish the global effectiveness of the targets. We then use a within-England hospital analysis to confirm that responses vary by treatment intensity and to control for differences in resources which may accompany targets. We find that targets met their goals of reducing waiting times without diverting activity from other less well monitored aspects of health care and without decreasing patient health on exit from hospital. 相似文献
98.
In this elaboration we focus on the role of multi-agent systems as a tool for modeling economic dynamics. Hence, at the beginning the specific features of this tool are considered. Taking the example of explaining the relationship between innovations and economic growth it will be shown after that how the tool of multi-agent modeling can be used for the following purposes: (1) for explaining the occurrence of innovations, (2) for specifying the effects these innovations have on economic growth, (3) for linking emission impacts to this growth and finally (4) for exemplarily assessing political options to reduce these impacts. 相似文献
99.
100.
Frank Schumann Gabriele Tammen-Parr Hanna Löhmannsröben Ralf Armin Jarosch 《Heilberufe》2011,63(2):24-25
M?ngeln in der h?uslichen Pflege pr?ventiv begegnen – Vertrauen ohne Kontrolle, Routine, überforderung oder das Nichtbeachten
des Beziehungsgeflechtes zwischen Pflegenden und Gepflegten führt oft zu Problemen. Der Gesetzgeber verpflichtete deshalb
die Pflegekassen und Tr?gerverb?nde von ambulanten Pflegeeinrichtungen zur Erarbeitung von Richtlinien und standardisierten
Verfahren für die Pflegefachberatung. Leider gibt es bislang keine verbindliche Umsetzung. 相似文献