Disability,social inclusion and the marketing of tourist attractions

The participation of persons with a disability (PWDs) in tourism has received growing academic interest in recent years. This paper contributes to a reflection on how accessible tourism relates to the sustainable development paradigm. To investigate this relationship, it goes beyond the question of PWDs’ access to tourism services, and adopts an inclusiveness perspective. Inclusion is examined in terms of legislation, marketing and imagery, and representations of PWDs as consumers embedded within social units – and families in particular. These dimensions are explored empirically in a study of visitor attractions in Cornwall (England) based on a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of brochures and websites. The study shows that the marketing materials of Cornish visitor attractions mainly focus on access, and the imagery used largely projects quasi invisibility or provides ambiguous messages. Communication with PWDs rarely addresses the family unit, making the family tourism experience intangible in the pre-trip phase. These results point at weaker implementation of inclusiveness, which corroborates previous findings of watered down definitions of rights to tourism under neo-liberal ideologies and economic crises. The paper discusses implications for social inclusion and highlights avenues for future research.     

The extent and pattern of public ownership in developed economies

Zusammenfassung Ausdehnung und Wesen des Staatseigentums in entwickelten Volkswirtschaften. — Auch die am meisten ? kapitalistischen? Volkswirtschaften weisen ein gewisses Ausma\ von Staatseigentum an den Produktionsmitteln auf, und auch in der ?sozialistischsten? Volkswirtschaft gibt es ein gewisses Privateigentum an Produktionsmitteln. Sowohl die relative Nationalisierungsstufe in den einzelnen Staaten als auch das Ausma\ eines derartigen ?ffentlichen Eigentums in verschiedenen Sektoren und Zweigen der einzelnen Volkswirtschaften blieben bisher sowohl in systematischer als auch in quantitativer Hinsicht ziemlich unerforscht. Der vorliegende Aufsatz hat zwei Zielsetzungen, n?mlich eine Reihe von Hypothesen über Ausdehnung und Form des Staatseigentums aufzustellen und vergleichbare Daten über eine derartige Verstaatlichung in einer Anzahl von entwickelten (?kapitalistischen? und ?sozialistischen?) Volkswirtschaften zu liefern. Die Untersuchung wird in der Hauptsache aufgrund von neuen, aus einer Querschnittsanalyse gewonnenen Daten durchgeführt, obwohl auch einige Folgerungen für die Analyse aus dem sich im Zeitablauf verschiebenden Grenzgebiet zwischen ?ffentlichem und privatem Eigentum gezogen werden. In bezug auf das relative Ausma\ des Staatseigentums in den einzelnen Staaten scheinen die Extreme mit dem Vorhandensein oder Fehlen eines hohen oder niedrigen Grads von zentraler Wirtschaftsplanung korreliert zu sein. Das aus den Sektoren der Wirtschaft durch eine Querschnittsanalyse gewonnene Modell der Nationalisierung bietet gewisse Anhaltspunkte für die verschiedenen Formen, in denen die Nationalisierung in einem einzelnen Land verwirklicht werden kann.

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Résumé Etendue et forme de la propriété publique dans les économies développées. — Même dans l’économie la plus ?capitaliste? il y a un certain degré de propriété publique des moyens de production; et même dans l’économie la plus ?socialiste? il y a de la propriété privée des moyens de production. Le degré relatif d’une telle nationalisation dans les différents pays aussi bien que l’étendue de la propriété publique dans les différents secteurs et branches d’une économie individuelle n’ont toujours pas été suffisamment étudiés, soit d’une manière systématique, soit au point de vue quantitatif. Cet article vise deux objectifs: formuler un nombre d’hypothèses de l’étendue et de la forme de la propriété publique, et fournir pour un nombre d’économies développées (?capitalistes? et ?socialistes?) des données comparables pour ce genre de nationalisation. L’étude se sert surtout de données synchroniques récentes, bien que certaines conclusions, concernant la fluctuation des limites entre propriété publique et propriété privée, soient tirées aussi de données diachroniques. En ce qui concerne l’étendue relative de la propriété publique dans les différents pays, il parait que les extrèmes soient en corrélation avec la présence ou absence d’un degré élevé ou bas de planification économique centrale. Le modèle de nationalisation relative entre secteurs d’une économie, modèle tiré de l’analyse synchronique, fournit certains indices quant à la manière dont la forme de nationalisation évolue dans un pays individuel.

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Resumen Extension y naturaleza de la propiedad estatal en economias desarrolladas. — Bien se sabe que en la mayorfa de las economfas ?capitalistas? el estado es en cierto grado propietario de los instrumentes de producción, al igual que en las economias ?socialistas? los instrument os de producción son hasta cierto punto de propiedad privada. Sin embargo, no se ha procedido hasta el momento a una investigation sistemática y empirica sobre el grado de nationalization existente en los diversos paises y sobre el grado de extension de la propiedad estatal en los diversos sectores econ?micos de los paises respectivos. El présente trabajo persigue dos fines: en primer lugar, el de formular una série de hip?tesis sobre la extension y la naturaleza de la propiedad estatal, y en segundo lugar, el de recopilar datos comparables sobre la nationalization en varios paises desarrollados (tanto ?capitalistas? como ?socialistas?). El estudio se basa en datos nuevos, obtenidos de un análisis de corte transversal, teniéndose en cuenta los traslapes entre propiedad estatal y propiedad privada. Referente al grado relativo de extension de la propiedad estatal en los diferentes paises, parece ser que los extremos están correlados con la existencia o falta de un grado elevado o bajo de nationalization. El modelo de nationalization, que se deduce de los datos sectorales mediante un anális de corte transversal, ofrece ciertos indicios sobre las formas en que puede realizarse la nacionalización en un país determinado.

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Riassunto Espansione e natura della proprietà dello Stato in economie sviluppate. — Anche le economie p_iù ?capitaliste? mostrano una certa misura di proprietà dello Stato nei mezzi di produzione e anche nelle economie p_iù ?socialiste? c’è una certa proprietà privata nei mezzi di produzione. Tanto i relativi stadi di nazionalizzazione nei singoli Stati quanto la proporzione di una taie proprietà pubblica nei diversi settori e rami delle singole economie sono rimasti finora piuttosto inesplorati sia sotto l’aspetto sistematico che quantitative. Il presente studio si propone due obiettivi: presentare una serie di ipotesi sull’espansione e la forma della proprietà dello Stato e fornire dati comparabili su una tale statalizzazione in un numero di economie sviluppate (?capitaliste? e ?socialiste?). La ricerca è condotta in sostanza sulla base di nuovi dati ricavati da un’analisi trasversale, sebbene alcune conseguenze per l’analisi siano tratte dalla zona di confine — che si sposta nel corso del tempo — tra proprietà pubblica e privata. In rapporte alla relativa proporzione della proprietà dello Stato nei singoli Stati, gli estremi sembrano essere in correlazione con la presenza o la mancanza di un alto o basso grado di pianificazione economica centrale. Il modello della nazionalizzazione ricavato dai settori dell’economia per mezzo di un’analisi trasversale, offre certi punti di appoggio per le diverse forme nelle quali può essere realizzata la nazionalizzazione nei diversi Paesi.

     

Does Labor Market Status Influence Self-Assessed Health?

This study examines whether individuals’ self-assessed health is related to their previous standing in the labor market and their self-assessed health at that time. We find that, once self-assessed health in the past is controlled for, none of the specified reasons behind individuals’ labor market status at that time, including the inability to find work, have a statistically significant adverse impact on current assessment of physical or mental health. We do find, however, that women obtaining a job in the past period will currently perceive that their physical health is improved, and that previously unemployed men with a job to return to in the current period also experienced perceptions of better health in the current period. We present evidence that these perceptions share a common factor with other health indicators such as sick days and quasi-objective measures of physical and mental health.     

Assessing environmental sustainability in tourism and recreation areas: a risk-assessment-based model

This paper presents a three-stage model that applies the principles of risk assessment to the evaluation of environmental sustainability in the tourism and recreation sectors. The model uses both qualitative and quantitative data. While assessing environmental risk at and from tourism and recreation areas is fundamental to sustainable management, existing methodologies rely on sets of environmental data that are often poorly linked and difficult to interpret in a holistic manner. Risk assessment is a concept that can overcome current limitations in environmental assessment methodologies. This model demonstrates its utility by assessing the environmental sustainability of two tourism and recreation sites in Ireland, with 25 environmental hazards identified at the rural Lough Derg (Shannon River) site and 29 at the relatively urban Dublin Bay site. The results show that the practical production of holistic and representative data on environmental risk from tourism and recreation areas is possible, with water quality, amenity value, traffic and transport, boating activity and noise found particularly relevant. The strengths and limitations of the proposed model are considered and compared with three existing tourism impact models: the use of sustainability indicators and two tourism-planning frameworks, limits of acceptable change (LAC) and visitor impact management (VIM).     

Tourism knowledge and neocolonialism – a systematic critical review of the literature

Despite the official end of colonialism in the twentieth century, neocolonial structures of power have kept influencing the political, socio-cultural and economic arenas worldwide. Within this scenario, the tourism academy has seen its landscape develop with its own set of power structures, which have shaped its knowledge production and dissemination. However, whether and how neocolonial forces have exerted their influence on tourism knowledge production and dissemination is still a subject of debate among scholars. This paper was conceived as an attempt to cast additional light on the nexus between tourism knowledge and neocolonialism. More specifically, through a systematic review of the articles published in tourism journals in the last decade (2007–2017), this work assesses the status of the current tourism knowledge through the lens of neocolonialist theory. Overall, this critical review highlights that with some exceptions, most of the previous reviews concerning tourism knowledge only evaluate the work published in English in highly ranked tourism journals and tend to neglect knowledge systems outside the English-speaking global centres. Furthermore, previous studies exploring structures of power affecting tourism knowledge production and dissemination present limitations in terms of the themes and perspectives identified.     

Energy productivity and greenhouse gas emission intensity in Dutch dairy farms: A Hicks–Moorsteen by-production approach under non-convexity and convexity with equivalence results

The agricultural sector is currently confronted with the challenge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whilst maintaining or increasing production. Energy-saving technologies are often proposed as a partial solution, but the evidence on their ability to reduce GHG emissions remains mixed. Production economics provides methodological tools to analyse the nexus of agricultural production, energy use and GHG emissions. Convexity is predominantly maintained in agricultural production economics, despite various theoretical and empirical reasons to question it. Employing non-convex and convex frontier frameworks, this contribution evaluates energy productivity change (the ratio of aggregate output change to energy use change) and GHG emission intensity change (the ratio of GHG emission change to polluting input change) using Hicks-Moorsteen productivity formulations. We consider GHG emissions as by-products of the production process by using a multi-equation model. Given our empirical specification, non-convex and convex Hicks-Moorsteen indices can coincide under certain circumstances, which leads to a series of theoretical equivalence results. The empirical application focuses on 1,510 observations of Dutch dairy farms for the period of 2010–2019. The results show a positive association between energy productivity change and GHG emission intensity change, which calls into question the potential of on-farm, energy-efficiency-increasing measures to reduce GHG emission intensity.