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111.
Magnus Lindmark Fredrik Olsson Spjut 《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2018,66(1):18-33
In this article, new estimates of energy consumption in the Swedish manufacturing industry during 1800–1913 are used for interpreting the Swedish industrialisation process from an energy economic perspective. For one we conclude that the revision of previous estimates is substantial when it comes to manufacturing. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the increase of coal consumption, the expansion of the fossil or mineral energy system, to a high degree can be explained by the increased use of steam engines in manufacturing and the transport sector. Finally, we conclude that overall energy intensity patterns is largely determined by assumptions on household firewood consumption. A narrative interpretation of the interplay between energy system transformation and the industrialisation in Sweden concludes the article. 相似文献
112.
The trade politics of EU–China commercial relations have sharply deteriorated in the last year. Obsessed by the EU's trade deficit with China, European leaders have become shrill and confrontational in their approach. China has contained its irritation over the EU's China-bashing, but has slowed down its trade liberalisations. The EU and China must find a new way to contain protectionist threats in their trade and investment relations. 相似文献
113.
Fredrik Andersson Elizabeth E. Davis Matthew L. Freedman Julia I. Lane Brian P. Mccall Kristin sandusky 《劳资关系》2012,51(4):779-810
This study exploits longitudinal employer–employee matched data from the U.S. Census Bureau to investigate the contribution of worker and firm reallocation to changes in earnings inequality within and across industries between 1992 and 2003. We find that factors that cannot be measured using standard cross‐sectional data, including the entry and exit of firms and the sorting of workers across firms, are important sources of changes in earnings distributions over time. Our results also suggest that the dynamics driving changes in earnings inequality are heterogeneous across industries. 相似文献
114.
We explore the possibilities of using incentive-based environmental regulations of CO2 emissions from international civil aviation. In theory incentive-based instruments such as an emission charge or a tradable emission permit system are better regulations than so-called command-and-control regulations such as emission limits or technology standards. However, the implementation of these instruments is a complex issue. We therefore describe and discuss how an emission charge and a tradable emission permit system for international aviation should be designed in order to improve efficiency. We also compare these two types of regulations. In brief, we find that an emission charge and a tradable emission permit system in which the permits are auctioned have more or less the same characteristics. The main advantage of a tradable emission permit system is that the effect, in terms of emission reductions, is known. On the other hand, we show that under uncertainty an emission charge is preferred. The choice of regulation is a political decision and it does not seem likely that an environmental charge or a tradable emission permit system would be implemented without consideration of the costs of the regulation. Revenue-neutral charges or gratis distribution of permits would, for this reason, be realistic choices of regulations. However, such actions are likely to result in less stringent regulations and other negative welfare effects. 相似文献
115.
Using data on 172 domestic city-pair markets in eight European countries, weinvestigate the effect of the market structure on airlines choices of departuresand prices. We find that flag carriers have a higher number of departures thanother airlines and that it is more likely that flag carriers are monopolists. At thesame time flag carriers do not have a higher ticket price than other airlines. Theinfluence of market power, measured with the Herfindahl index, does not havea significant effect on ticket prices, but a significant effect on the number ofdepartures: decreased market concentration and an increased number of airlinesresults in increased aggregate frequencies. Comparing the predicted ticket prices,at sample mean, between monopoly and non-monopoly routes we can reject thehypothesis of differences in equilibrium price. However, the predicted aggregatenumber of departures, calculated at sample mean, is significantly higher at non-monopoly routes compared with monopoly routes. 相似文献
116.
Globalization is supposed to increase the mobility of highly skilled labor and to reduce governments' scope for redistribution. We show that this increases the private incentives for education and may decrease, but may also increase, the government's incentives to provide education subsidies in a framework in which education investment is risky. Globalization shifts the cost of these subsidies to the less skilled. For the welfare implications of globalization the availability of private insurance is crucial. Welfare unambiguously increases if such markets work. 相似文献
117.
This paper examines the effect of foreign direct investment in Indonesian manufacturing on wages in locally owned Indonesian
manufacturing plants. The issue is examined in a cross section of Indonesian manufacturing industries and provinces in one
of the few years for which data on worker characteristics were available. Wages in locally owned plants were high in industries
and industries within provinces with large foreign presence. Since the foreign plants also pay higher wages than locally owned
ones, the two factors together imply that higher foreign presence raises the general wage level in a province and industry.
JEL no. F2, J3
This paper was prepared as part of an ICSEAD project on “Foreign Multinational Corporations and Host-Country Labor Markets
in Asia”. Earlier versions appeared as ICSEAD Working Paper 2001–02 and NBER Working Paper No. 8299. 相似文献
118.
Tax Competition and Economic Geography 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Tax competition between two countries is considered in a trade–and–location setting with differentiated products and monopolistic competition. There are two groups of workers, mobile ones and immobile ones. Taxes are used for producing a public good. It is shown that an equilibrium with mobile workers dispersed across countries is destabilized by increased taxes on these mobile workers—even for perfectly coordinated tax increases. It is also shown that while tax competition gives rise to standard distortions in a tax–competition game when mobile workers are dispersed, different distortions result when they are concentrated in one country. 相似文献
119.
In a split sample design, we examine how the number of choice sets, design of the first choice set (context dependence), and
the choice of attribute levels in the cost attribute affect the precision in the elicited preferences in otherwise completely
identical choice experiment surveys. These issues are investigated for Swedish households’ marginal willingness to pay to
reduce power outages. Our results indicate that neither the number of choice sets nor the design of the first choice set has
a significant impact on estimated marginal willingness to pay, while the effect was significant for the additive scaling of
the cost vector. At the end of the article we discuss the implications of our results on future developments and applications
of choice experiments.
相似文献
120.
Does context matter more for hypothetical than for actual contributions? Evidence from a natural field experiment 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Francisco Alpizar Fredrik Carlsson Olof Johansson-Stenman 《Experimental Economics》2008,11(3):299-314
We investigated the importance of the social context for people’s voluntary contributions to a national park in Costa Rica,
using a natural field experiment. Some subjects make actual contributions while others state their hypothetical contribution.
Both the degree of anonymity and information provided about the contributions of others influence subject contributions in
the hypothesized direction. We found a substantial hypothetical bias with regard to the amount contributed. However, the influence
of the social contexts is about the same when the subjects make actual monetary contributions as when they state their hypothetical
contributions. Our results have important implications for validity testing of stated preference methods: a comparison between
hypothetical and actual behavior should be done for a given social context.
相似文献