Can farmers extend their cultivation areas in urban agriculture? A contribution from agronomic analysis of market gardening systems around Mahajanga (Madagascar)

The rapid urbanization in developing countries implies an increasing pressure on urban agriculture for production. As most perishable food products come from this agriculture in close proximity to population concentrations, we analysed from an agronomic point of view how market-garden farmers can meet this increasing urban demand. This work took place in the case of Mahajanga, a secondary city with high increasing demographic rate on the Northwest coast of Madagascar. Based on preliminary surveys to characterize the farming systems (on a sample of 91 farms), 11 market-garden farmers chosen in the three main agricultural zones of the urban area were surveyed during two years. Surveys aimed at understanding their decision rules in crop choices, crop allocation to land and resource management, and to estimate their room for manoeuvre to increase their leafy vegetable areas under cultivation. The wholesalers and retailers who buy the farmers’ produce were also surveyed. A previous model of decision rules regarding crop location on farm territory was used to analyse the on-farm surveys and cartographic methods (GIS and on-farm manual representations) were used to quantify the land use. We highlight the following major points. (1) The leafy vegetable production in the surveyed farms already intensively uses land: farmers have complex decision rules largely depending on the water dynamics in the two main environments (lowlands and lakesides) where leafy vegetables are cultivated during the dry season. (2) The scarcity of farmers’ resources (labour money and water) leads to very little internal room for manoeuvre to increase the leafy vegetable production in the farms. (3) At territorial level however, some land reserve exist in one of the lowlands, but not on lakesides. The water availability for agriculture must be better informed through specialized hydrologic studies, as one of the main constraints nowadays to extend the agricultural area. An extrapolation to other cases of urban agriculture is then discussed as well as the role of agronomy to help urban planners to consider the place of agriculture in the urban development.     

"批发贷款":解决NGO小额信贷机构资本金短缺问题的新尝试——基于河北省易县扶贫社的调研分析

本文阐述了中国农业银行与易县扶贫社之间进"批发贷款"合作模式试点活动的基本情况,分析了其中所存在的问题,并将其与易县扶贫社其他融资渠道进行了详细比较.未来中长期内,在相关制约性影响因素得以逐步消除的前提下,这种商业银行与NGO小额信贷机构之间的"批发贷款"合作模式将会具有广阔的发展空间.最后,为促进该合作模式的健康发展、本文针对政府、商业银行与NGO小额信贷机构分别提出了相关建议.     

也议应收账款买断

<正>一、应收账款买断的概念及流程应收账款买断是企业将赊销形成的未到期应收账款在满足一定条件的情况下,无追索权的转让给商业银行等金融机构,以获得银行的流动资金支持,加快资金周转的一种重要融资方式。它是一种无追索权的     

AX对小麦蛋白淀粉分离的影响

研究发现:AX对小麦蛋白和淀粉的分离具有重要的影响。小麦中阿拉伯木聚糖主要有以下两个方面的重要特性:一是具有较高的吸水和持水能力,分散于水相中形成粘度较高的溶液;二是在少量氧化剂存在的情况下其具有氧化交联特性。加入酶可促进小麦蛋白和淀粉的分离。用于降解AX的酶很多,主要有木聚糖酶、呋喃阿拉伯糖酶、木糖酶和戊聚糖酶,其中木聚糖酶较为广泛。     

西方国家公用事业民营化改革的经验及其对我国的启示

西方国家公用事业领域的改革取得了显著的成效,积累了相当丰富的经验。在我国公用事业领域改革过程中,借鉴国外公用事业民营化的成功经验,在政府宏观规制下,通过引入竞争机制,实现公用事业的民营化改造,有利于公用事业摆脱困境,实现企业效率和公共福利的共赢。     

马克思经济学方法论归属问题研究综述

本文介绍了不同学者关于马克思经济学,特别是关于他的阶级分析方法和有机整体论方法论归属问题的不同看法。了解学者们的不同观点对于进一步明确马克思经济学的方法论归属,确定马克思经济理论研究的出发点,进而对马克思主义经济学的进一步发展有着重要的意义。     

论"探究性学习"方法在高校教学中的应用

在高等院校进行教学方法的改革中提倡“探究性学习”,是时代的要求,是我国走向新教育的总体布局中的重要组成部分。“探兖性学习”的要点在于：教师的主要作用不是灌输,而是引导;对学生的分类不是好学生、坏学生之分,而是兴趣不同、个性差异;教师在教学中关注的重点不是学生对学过的知识再现的准确性和完整性,而是学生在学习过程中的独特体验和见解。“探究性学习”的步骤为：教师设计探究题目或者一种情境;引领学生进入情境和探究的过程;通过讨论让学生说出自己探究的结论,进行评比。     

中国省际区域经济差距演进及协调发展

实现区域协调发展是新时代中国区域高质量发展的必然要求。改革开放以来,中国省际区域经济差距经历了差距拉大—逐渐缩小—缓慢增大—逐渐缩小—维持不变的过程,逐步趋于收敛,其深层原因在于经济发展基础、资本投入、区域要素配置、区域要素使用和制度因素的地区异质性。推进区域经济协调发展,要不断加强对中西部地区的资本投入,优化资源配置,提高全要素生产率,提升开放水平,推进贸易高质量发展,完善与区域协调发展总体战略要求相适应的宏观区域政策和区域管理体制。     

对城郊集体土地征用补偿问题的思考

针对城市化进程中城市扩张对城郊集体土地的大量征用，鉴于城郊土地的区位及权属特殊性，本文侧重讨论了城郊农用地和非农建设用地的征用补偿经济标；隹、法律程序问题并提出了相关建议。