Risk,uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example

The differential impacts risk and uncertainty have on travel decision-making were explored by examining the constructs' influence on the antecedents of intentions to visit Australia using the theory of planned behavior. Respondents were obtained from online consumer panels in South Korea, China and Japan. The South Korean and Chinese samples were general population samples, while the sample from Japan was an international travelers' sample. The extended model fitted the data well, explaining between 21 and 44 percent of the variance in intentions. Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control significantly impacted on intentions in all country samples, whereas attitudes toward visiting Australia were only significant in Japan. Subjective norms influenced attitudes and perceived behavioral control in all country samples. Finally, perceived risk influenced attitudes toward visiting Australia in South Korea and Japan, while perceived uncertainty influenced attitudes toward visiting Australia in South Korea and China and perceived behavioral control in China and Japan.     

Evolutionary game theory and evolutionary economics: are they different species?

Evolutionary game theory and evolutionary economics seem to inhabit different academic spheres and have little collaboration with one another. Neither side cites much research by the other. Does this de facto academic separation impede fruitful possibilities for mutual inspiration and joint development? This paper addresses this question by considering (1) the different origins and research orientations of the two genres, (2) to what extent evolutionary economists could make use of evolutionary game theory, and (3) what evolutionary game theorists might learn from other, less formal, modes of theorising. The paper concludes that while significant possibilities for collaboration exist, the foremost test is whether they can help enhance our understanding of structures and causal processes in the real world.     

General Price-level Adjustment: Some Properties of the Edwards and Bell Method

The method of general price level adjustment proposed by Edwards and Bell differs from the traditional CPP method, insofar as it enables historical cost profit to be reconciled with real accounting income (CPP profit) by two steps within a single simple statement. Edwards and Bell's contribution is clarified in this paper, by proving rigorously the two theorems which underlie their method of applying general price level adjustment to historical cost. A numerical example is used to illustrate pure historical cost, traditional CPP, Edwards and Bell general price level adjustment, and Ijiri's dual, which is found to contain similar information to the Edwards and Bell system. This is followed by a discussion of Edwards and Bell's preferred method of price level adjustment to a replacement cost base. This method of adjustment, applied to a current cost base, underlay FAS33 as modified by FAS82 in the USA. Finally, Edwards and Bell's historical cost base is compared with a recent British proposal for a one-line adjustment to capture the effects of inflation on historical cost profit. The simplicity of the latter proposal lies in the form rather than the substance of the information presented.     

International Collaboration in the Search for Sustainable Tourism in Bali,Indonesia

The Bali Sustainable Development Project (BSDP) is described and the procedures, definitions and criteria employed in the formulation of a sustainable development strategy for Bali are presented. Tourism is a major agent of change in Bali so that it has considerable implications for sustainable development there. The BSDP experience indicates the great importance of cultural sensitivity and linkages with and utilisation of existing institutional frameworks when working in an international collaborative context. Pervasive concerns, regardless of culture, are intersectoral linkages and topdown, bottom-up relationships.