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The basic thrust of this paper deals with the mechanics of implementing a management information system to obtain marketing feedback for management decision making. It organizes the specific variables involved and welds them into a meaningful model plan which allows the marketing manager or his assistants to intelligently determine the results of their efforts on regular and experimental mailings. This model hopefully obviates the possibility of confusing cause and effect which seems to be one of the most common errors that occurs in direct response today.  相似文献   
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The standard-setting process of the UK's Accounting Standards Board (ASB) can be examined from different theoretical frameworks. One considers it a political process where interested parties choose to lobby on the basis of lobbying costs and benefits accrued from successful lobbying. The examination of the motives of various parties to lobby or not is considered important for understanding the process. Another framework assumes a non-pluralistic process, dominated by a few powerful groups to the detriment of the interests of other groups which are effectively excluded from the process. Drawing from the first framework, this study examines the factors which influenced the choice of a sample of UK listed companies not to make a submission on the ASB's discussion paper proposals on deferred tax. A perception that their participation would not make a difference to the outcome of the process and reliance on their external auditors to represent their position were found to be the most important factors for not making a submission. In contrast, no support was found for the suggestion that agreement with the proposals is more likely to prompt a non-response than disagreement with the proposals.  相似文献   
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The article is based on Lewontin's distinction between transformational and variational evolution. Given that transformational evolution is dominant in the social realm while variational evolution reigns in the organic world, the question is if Hodgson and Knudsen's Generalized Darwinism bridges the ontological gap between the two types of evolution. It is argued that the three successive strategies of the authors—deconstruction of Lamarckism, appropriation of the Price equation, redefinition of the replication notion—are all based on controversial semantic innovations. Most importantly, it is shown that Generalized Darwinism, in its effort to address the transformational character of social evolution through the notion of generative replication, is compelled to radically restrict the importance of Darwinian natural selection.  相似文献   
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We consider a horizontally differentiated duopoly where consumers care about the product's “greenness.” Firms can be asymmetric: they may differ in the product's intrinsic value and may also differ in their chosen level of greenness. We examine the choice of greenness and the implications of various policy interventions. We show that (i) the choices of product greenness are strategic substitutes, (ii) the high‐intrinsic quality firm produces the greener product, (iii) the low‐quality firm's greenness may increase with the cost of its provision or decrease with consumer willingness to pay for it, (iv) a minimum quality standard (MQS) leads the greener firm to lower its environmental quality and can even reduce average quality, (v) greenness is underprovided even if consumers fully internalize the externality, and (v) an MQS can reduce welfare if the greenness of the high‐quality firm exceeds the MQS, even when environmental quality is underprovided. The effects of policy interventions on profits differ qualitatively across polices and firms: A firm that lobbies for one type of intervention may lobby against another similar one, and a firm may lobby for an intervention while its competitor may lobby against it. A subsidy for the development costs of a green product can financially hurt both firms.  相似文献   
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In this paper we challenge the traditional design used for forecasting competitions. We implement an online competition with a public leaderboard that provides instant feedback to competitors who are allowed to revise and resubmit forecasts. The results show that feedback significantly improves forecasting accuracy.  相似文献   
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This paper is a response to the British Chancellor of the Exchequer's consultation on closer integration of the operation of National Insurance contributions and income tax. Our historical research on proposals for a complete merger of the two systems enables people interested in tax reform to draw on experience and ideas of officials who grappled with issues similar to those facing us today. We show that officials identified the problem of maintaining increasing numbers of elderly people as long ago as 1950, and identify when and why the British government adopted a pay‐as‐you‐go basis for the National Insurance Fund. We conclude that the advantages of National Insurance contributions separate from income tax are not negligible, but that a merger would be fairer than the present system. Our principal concern is that the contributory principle may raise unrealistic expectations regarding state pensions as it encourages a mistaken belief that these are paid from contributions made by pensioners in the past. We therefore recommend that the government should produce an annual statement showing how state pension liabilities are to be met.  相似文献   
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