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1.
Summary Competition authorities are increasingly measuring the effects of their enforcement actions, seeking a robust justification
for the proliferation of competition policy. We highlight the importance of identifying the right counterfactual against which
to measure effects, and set out the relevant categories of costs and benefits. We then explore how a balance can be struck
between the benefits and inherent limitations of these measurement exercises. Relatively crude analyses of cartel action benefits
can be sufficient to achieve public legitimacy for competition policy. Assessing the effects of merger and conduct inquiries
is often ambiguous, but could be used to improve decision-making processes.
Director and Managing Consultant, respectively, at Oxera, Oxford and London. The valuable comments of Fod Barnes, Kerry Hughes
and an anonymous referee are gratefully acknowledged. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors alone. 相似文献
2.
Anders Bengtsson 《Industrial Marketing Management》2005,34(7):706-713
During the last decade branding has developed to be one of the main focus areas in consumer marketing. In the industrial marketing area there has only been limited attention to this phenomenon. In this paper we focus on how co-branding can be used on industrial markets to increase value. Through an empirical study of professional purchasers' attitudes towards co-branding activities between two companies, we explore the potential of this strategy. 相似文献
3.
The paper provides a closed form solution for the value of a firm which costlessly can change its mode of operation between two activities. The technology is such that production is zero from the inactive production line. In addition we assume that the production potential on any production line is idle when not operated, else the production follows a geometric Brownian motion. Although this framework is rather general, it is motivated by the problem to produce a natural resource located in two separate wells/ores, using a single (flexible) production unit. For what seems to be reasonable parameter values, the flexible unit is seen to achieve a surprisingly large value relative to the value achievable by a comprehensive unit, producing both alternatives simultaneously. In addition it is interesting to note that switching might occur even if the active production line gives the highest immediate income. 相似文献
4.
5.
Gunnar Eliasson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(1):121-139
Advanced product development distinguishes itself by being surrounded by a “cloud of technology spillovers” available to external
users in proportion to their competence to commercialize them. The local capacity to commercialize spillovers is experience
based and hence more narrow than the range of innovations. The cloud will therefore be incompletely explored. While the value
of the cloud to society may be greater than the development investment, the value captured by the producer is often not sufficient
to make the product development privately profitable. The producer faces the property rights problem of how to charge for
the dual product it develops, the product itself and as much as possible for the technology cloud. The public and private
customers, however, appreciate the situation differently. While the former appears in the double customer role of being interested in both the product procured and the spillover benefits to society, the latter is not interested in paying
for spillovers that only benefit society. Marketing the product, therefore, involves the ability to present a credible case
for the economic value to society of the spillovers. To do that, a theory is needed that demonstrates both the user value
to the customer, and the entrepreneurial capacity of the economy to commercialize the spillovers. The theoretical argument
is illustrated with the case of downstream industrial business formation around Swedish military aircraft industry. 相似文献
6.
当今,全世界各国家和地区的卫生部门都在借助电子健康,改进他们的卫生系统,使国民或者病人受益.电子健康在这里,是指所有医疗保健方面的信息通讯技术的应用.为了改进医疗健康服务,信息通讯技术在以下三方面有很大的应用:·教育国民和专业人员如何诊治和预防疾病;·公共卫生的监督和规划;·生物医学研究和诊疗常规的知识库管理. 相似文献
7.
Gunnar Breustedt Jörg Müller‐Scheeßel Uwe Latacz‐Lohmann 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2008,59(2):237-256
This paper explores farmers’ willingness to adopt genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape prior to its commercial release and estimates the ‘demand’ for the new technology. The analysis is based upon choice experiments with 202 German arable farmers. A multinomial probit estimation reveals that GM attributes such as gross margin, expected liability from cross pollination, or flexibility in returning to conventional oilseed rape significantly affect the likelihood of adoption. Neighbouring farmers’ attitudes towards GM cropping and a number of farmer and farm characteristics were also found to be significant determinants of prospective adoption. Demand simulations suggest that adoption rates are very sensitive to the profit difference between GM and non‐GM rape varieties. A monopolistic seed price would substantially reduce demand for the new technology. A monopolistic seed supplier would reap between 45% and 80% of the GM rent, and the deadweight loss of the monopoly would range between 15% and 30% of that rent. The remaining rent for farmers may be too small to outweigh possible producer price discounts resulting from the costs of segregating GM and non‐GM oilseed rape along the supply chain. 相似文献
8.
Erik Bengtsson Anna Missiaia Mats Olsson Patrick Svensson 《The Economic history review》2018,71(3):772-794
This article examines the evolution of wealth inequality in Sweden from 1750 to 1900, contributing both to the debate on early modern and modern inequality and to the general debate on the pattern of inequality during industrialization. The pre‐industrial period (1750–1850) is for the first time examined for Sweden at the national level. The study uses a random sample of probate inventories from urban and rural areas across the country, adjusted for age and social class. Estimates are provided for the years 1750, 1800, 1850, and 1900. The results show a gradual growth in inequality as early as the mid‐eighteenth century, with the sharpest rise in the late nineteenth century. Whereas the early growth in inequality was connected to changes in the countryside and in agriculture, the later growth was related to industrialization encompassing both compositional effects and strong wealth accumulation among the richest. The level of inequality in Sweden in 1750 was lower than for other western European countries, but by 1900 Sweden was just as unequal. 相似文献
9.
Real‐world financial contracts vary greatly in the combinations of cash flow contingency terms and control rights used. Extant theoretical work explains such variation by arguing that each investor finely tailors contracts to mitigate investment‐specific incentive problems. We provide overwhelming evidence from 4,561 venture capital (VC) contracts that this tailoring is overstated: even though there is broad variation in contracting across VCs, each individual VC tends to specialize, recycling familiar terms. In fact, a VC typically restricts contracting choices to a small set of alternatives: 46% of the time, a VC uses the same exact cash flow contingencies as in one of her previous five contracts. We document specialization in both aggregated downside protection, and in each individual cash flow contingency term. Such specialization remains economically and statistically significant even after controlling for VC and company characteristics. We also find that VCs learn to use new contractual solutions from other VCs in her syndication network. Our findings challenge the traditional premise that each investor selects from the universe of combinations of terms to match an investment's unique contracting problem. Rather, the cumulative evidence indicates that contract‐specialization arises because investors better understand payoff consequences of familiar terms, and are reluctant to experiment with unknown combinations. 相似文献
10.
Bridging the transatlantic publishing gap: How North American reviewers evaluate European idiographic research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To a large extent there exists a gap between European and American management research reflecting the differences between nomothetic and idiographic research approaches. The paper investigates the logic used by North American reviewers when evaluating European papers based on an idiographic case study approach. Our analysis enables us to uncover the criteria used by North American reviewers and to relate them to the criteria suggested for idiographic research. We also discuss the role of writing style and structure in the North American reviewers' assessment of idiographic papers. Based on our analysis we make suggestions to editors, reviewers, and authors of idiographic papers, in order to enhance the probability for publication of idiographic, qualitative and processual research and thus to bridge the transatlantic gap. 相似文献