Capital Gains Taxes and Asset Prices: Capitalization or Lock‐in?

This paper demonstrates that the equilibrium impact of capital gains taxes reflects both the capitalization effect (i.e., capital gains taxes decrease demand) and the lock‐in effect (i.e., capital gains taxes decrease supply). Depending on time periods and stock characteristics, either effect may dominate. Using the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 as our event, we find evidence supporting a dominant capitalization effect in the week following news that sharply increased the probability of a reduction in the capital gains tax rate and a dominant lock‐in effect in the week after the rate reduction became effective.     

Application of the Capital Asset Pricing Model to Multi-period Investments

This paper presents a method for evaluating a multi-period asset that is consistent with the valuations implied by the capital asset pricing model, and shows how the results of the valuation processes can be expressed in terms of a number of commonly used valuation formulas.
Ce papier expose tout d'abord une méthode permettant d'estimer une valeur immobilisée à multiples périodes qui soit compatible avec les évaluations fournies par le modéle d'bvaluation de l'actif immobilisé. II montre ensuite comment les résultats des opérations d'haluation peuvent être exprimés au moyen d'un nombre de formules d'estimation couramment utilisées.
Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Methode für die Bewertung einer mehrperiodischen Investition dar, die mit den Bewertungen, die das 'Capital Asset Pricing' Modell impliziert, übereinstimmt. Er zeigt, wie die Ergebnisse des Bewertungsprozesses mittels einer Anzahl gebrluchlicher Formeln ausgedruckt werden konnen.     

Do Black-Owned Banks Discriminate against Black Borrowers?

Black-owned and white-owned banks are studied to test for lending discrimination based on applicant's race. Using single-equation models the rndings suggest that black-owned banks may utilize applicant race in the mortgage granting decision. The result holds in a naive HMDA model and in an enhanced HMDA model with bank-specirc, demographic, and neighborhood characteristics added.     

Japanese Companies in Germany: A Case Study in Cross-Cultural Management

From a series of qualitative interviews with Japanese managers and German managers and workers in thirty-one Japanese-owned companies in the Düsseldorf region of western Germany, this article discusses differences in cultural patterns and organizational styles between the German and Japanese employees and the problems these pose for communication, cooperation, and morale. First, we deal with cultural contrasts: language issues, interpersonal styles (personability and politeness), and norms regarding the taking of responsibility. Second, we examine the impact on cross-nationality relations of established organizational practice: for example, German specialism vs. Japanese generalism; direct and vertical vs. indirect and incremental decision making. We also discuss efforts by these firms to find compromise systems that would meet the needs and interests of both sides. The third focus is the reactions of Japanese companies in North Rhine-Westphalia to German unions, works councils, and codetermination regulations. In the labor view, Japanese firms overall do no better or worse than comparable German firms.     

THE CHOICE BETWEEN LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE WORK: MICRO STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

This study postulates that youths remain in the labor force so long as the number of weeks they have employment exceeds the number they consider as minimally acceptable. Such a threshold level of weeks worked can be related to the notion of a reservation wage. Prior employment or experience raises expectations and should increase the threshold. Other factors, such as illegal opportunities to earn income, may also raise the threshold. If the actual fraction of weeks a youth works exceeds this threshold, then we expect that youth to be employed during the following period. We compare data for individuals of both sexes, age 16 or 17 years, from the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey regarding the behavior of those who dropped out of school, those in the process of dropping out of school, and those remaining in school. Involvement in crime decreases the likelihood of future employment–most for dropouts and least for those remaining in school.     

The Optimal Pricing Policy of a Monopolistic Marketmaker in the Equity Market

This paper presents a stochastic optimization model for marketmaking in security markets with a single dealer. Buy and sell orders are assumed to arrive at rates that are functions of the ask and bid prices. The dealer incurs both proportional and fixed transaction costs as well as portfolio costs. Methods of dynamic programming and semi-Markov Decision Processes are used to characterize optimal pricing policies and to perform sensitivity analysis. Both bid and ask prices are nonincreasing functions of the dealer's inventory. Spread is unrelated to inventory position but positively related to order size. Computational examples demonstrate various results.