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71.
Matthew Gorton Galina Ignat John White 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2013,24(7):1249-1261
During the Soviet era, directors and workers derived mutual benefits from concealing true capacity, hoarding labour and just fulfilling an enterprise's plan. In an environment of labour shortages and guaranteed markets, managers used informal mechanisms to reward and retain good workers given the absence of unemployment and meaningful wage differentials as mechanisms to discipline workers. This cultivated a paternalistic set of relations between enterprise managers and workers, which, it is argued, are being hollowed out in the post-communist era. This is explored in a case study of evolving labour relations in Moldova. Casualization of the workforce has been used as a buffer against greater instability in both the supply of raw materials and demand. Such a strategy has become feasible as enterprises, such as the case-study firm, now have a large pool of external surplus labour on which they can draw. However, paternalism has not been hollowed out completely but rather a split-level realignment is identified. 相似文献
72.
Marina M. White 《Economic Systems Research》1999,11(1):83-105
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the problems encountered early in the reforms made it obvious that understanding the system and structure of the economy during the Soviet period was crucial for predictions and recommendations. The present study analyzes the production of the republics of the former Soviet Union, by grouping them into the regions defined by common geographical and historical conditions, and by estimation of cost functions that represent the two major theories of international trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin and Ricardo-Viner models. The estimated parameters of the cost functions allow us to draw conclusions about the achievement of cost minimization and to calculate the elasticities that represent the comparative statics of both models. As a result of the analysis, it is demonstrated that the achievement of the cost-minimization goal depends on local conditions. 相似文献
73.
Peter R. White 《The Service Industries Journal》2013,33(3):133-150
Traditionally, urban bus operators have collected fares in cash for each trip. Some limited mechanisation has occurred in ticket issue at stations. Partly for reasons of operating convenience, there has recently been a shift to simpler fares and prepayment, notably through the introduction of ‘Travelcards', that is, tickets or passes permitting unlimited use of the network (or zones thereof) for a defined period. These cover both all-bus systems, and bus/rail networks (such as the West Midlands PTE system). They are now used in all main British conurbations, following introduction of the London Transport bus/rail Travelcard in May 1983. The Travelcard in effect redefines the ‘product’ being sold. Instead of the public transport service being perceived as a series of separate journeys, payment is made periodically for use of the network as a whole. Cost perception is thus put on a similar basis to that for the private car. The marginal money cost for each trip becomes zero. Interchange penalties associated with re-booking are eliminated. Payment may be made by cheque or credit card, rather than cash, further changing the perception of costs. Product quality is also enhanced through speeding up of services (one-person- operated buses), and enabling the user to select the quickest and/or most convenient route in a network by removing the interchange penalty. 相似文献
74.
Using representative samples of U.S. and Japanese retail service firms, this study explores whether one particular type of
organizational culture is the best with respect to business outcomes (performance and customer satisfaction) or whether the
optimum culture depends on the national context in which the firm is embedded. The findings suggest that there is a significant
interaction effect of organizational culture with national culture on outcomes. Specifically, the relationships between the
importance placed on the cultural values of stability, people orientation, and detail orientation and outcomes are significantly
greater for Japanese than for U.S. service retailers. On the other hand, the relationships between the values of aggressiveness,
innovation, and outcome orientation and outcomes are greater for U.S. retailers. Further, the findings show that firms whose
cultures match those of their home countries exhibit lower levels of outcomes when they operate in other countries with different
cultural values. Implications are given for how service retailers might be designed and managed for purposes of improving
business outcomes. 相似文献
75.
76.
I examine a simple model of rent seeking behavior in order to determine the correct way to measure welfare loss due to rent seeking. I conduct this analysis using a general equilibrium version of the standard partial equilibrium consumers' surplus cost-benefit setup. I conclude that the ordinary tools of cost-benefit analysis, such as consumers' and producers' surplus, are up to the task of measuring the deadweight loss due to rent seeking, as long as they are applied in the proper general equilibrium context. 相似文献
77.
Winners and Losers during a Deep Economic Crisis: Firm‐level Evidence from Indonesian Manufacturing*
What happens to firms during periods of deep economic crisis? Depending on the nature of the crisis, the general effects are well known. However, owing to data availability, there are relatively few detailed firm‐level studies. With the aid of an unusually rich database, the present paper investigates the effects of Indonesia's 1997–1998 crisis on manufacturing establishments. Consistent with studies of other crisis episodes, foreign ownership and prior export orientation are found to be highly significant determinants of survival and recovery. The effects of firm size are ambiguous. The industry in which firms are located, in particular its factor proportions, is also found to be significant. 相似文献
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