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Alongside with the introduction of New Public Management, many governmental organizations in the Netherlands were autonomized. The aim of this paper is to analyze the changes in financial and economic management that accompanied these autonomizations. Case research was carried out in six public organizations. The financial management of these organizations improved somewhat after the autonomization. However, there were hardly any real changes in the economic management. The paper gives an overview of the changes in financial and economic management. It also discusses what factors might have prevented the realization of the planned changes in the (financial and) economic management.  相似文献   
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Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 133 requires business entities to document their anticipation of hedge effectiveness in order to qualify for hedge accounting treatment of gains and losses from financial derivatives. In the absence of specific guidelines, the accounting industry has espoused the "80–125" rule for determining hedge effectiveness. But the authors observe that meaningful assessment of anticipated hedge effectiveness must consider two distinct aspects of a firm's hedging strategy: (1) the strength of the hedging relationship, which is determined by the choice of the hedging instrument; and (2) the position taken in the hedging instrument relative to the holdings of the hedged item. They take both aspects of hedging into consideration in developing alternative measures of hedge effectiveness and distinguishing between the potential and attained effectiveness of a particular hedge. This approach enables the user to evaluate the relative merits of alternative hedging strategies to support risk management decisions, and also to document a selected hedging strategy's anticipated effectiveness for purposes of compliance with FAS 133. While the authors endorse a fairly broad interpretation of hedge effectiveness, their approach can also be used in the narrower context of an "80–125" rule.  相似文献   
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The measurement of research and teaching performance is increasingly common within universities, driven probably by the rise of New Public Management (NPM). Although changing over time and varying from country to country, NPM involves the use of private sector methods in the public sector. Traditionally, performance measurement in universities has had a developmental role – helping individuals to improve their (future) performance. However, the new systems seem more judgemental – i.e. seeking to quantitatively evaluate (past) performance. We study performance measurement in two Accounting and Finance groups – one in the Netherlands and one in the UK. In both we see an increasing use of judgemental forms of performance evaluation and, in particular, the use of more quantitative performance measures. The use of these more judgemental quantitative systems is seen to have various effects. Although these systems emphasise objective quantitative measures, they relocate subjectivities (usually at a greater distance from the subject), rather than remove them. This creates uncertainty and anxiety about how the systems are used. There is a danger that the new systems could inhibit creativity in teaching and limit contributions to the world outside the university. Furthermore, they could damage creativity and innovation in accounting research – as researchers play safe in getting the publications they need. As we are both researchers and practitioners in this area, we should be challenging these trends and pointing to the dangers for research (and teaching) in our field.  相似文献   
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Satisfaction with amusement parks   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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Consistent with the predictions of rare disaster models, we find that a proxy for the time‐varying probability of rare disasters helps to explain fluctuations in expectations of the equity risk premium. Our proxy for disaster risk is a recently developed measure of global political instability, and the expected market risk premium is from Value Line analysts' expected stock returns. Consistent with long‐run risk models, uncertainty about expected GDP growth and expected consumption growth is also significantly positively related to the expected market risk premium. We obtain similar results when we use the earnings–price ratio and the dividend–price ratio as proxies for the expected market risk premium.  相似文献   
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This study extends research on psychological restoration by encompassing a broad set of restorative situations available to urban residents. Preferences are assessed for mundane restorative situations comprising leisure activity, setting, and social context, given different levels of attentional fatigue. Attentional fatigue, activity-setting, and social context were experimentally manipulated. The settings for activities were home, park, city center, and transit. Participants (N = 70) read scenarios describing an attentional state and rated their preference for the situations. Results show interactive effects of attentional state with activity-setting and with social context. The park was most preferred given attentional fatigue. Results confirm that while residents may particularly value urban nature for restoration, their urban context also provides other mundane but attractive restorative situations.  相似文献   
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Zusammenfassung Eine alternative Methode zur Quantifizierung von internationalen Handelshemmnissen. —In diesem Aufsatz wird versucht, eine Methode zur Quantifizierung internationaler Handelshemmnisse zu finden, deren Ergebnisse im Rahmen der internationalen Verhandlungen zum Abbau von Handelsschranken nützlich sind. Zun?chst werden einige frühere Versuche, mit Zoll?quivalenten zu arbeiten, diskutiert. Danach wird das Problem behandelt, welches Kriterium zur Quantifizierung von Handelsschranken geeignet ist. Das Kriterium, das die Bedingungen erfüllt, dürfte die relative Verringerung der importierten Mengen sein. Die Beziehung zwischen diesem Kriterium und dem Zoll?quivalent wird danach untersucht. Es zeigt sich, da\ nur unter sehr restriktiven Annahmen Zoll?quivalente die richtigen Kriterien für den Einflu\ von Handelsschranken sind, wenn man den Ma\stab der relativen Verringerung der Importmengen anlegt. Als n?chstes wird eine alternative Methode entwickelt, mit welcher das erw?hnte Kriterium in me\baren Variablen ausgedrückt ist. Diese Methode basiert wie die der Zoll?quivalente auf der Annahme, da\ Handelsschranken zu Unterschieden zwischen den heimischen Preisen und den Importpreisen führen. Es wurde versucht, diese Methode empirisch anzuwenden. Die Ergebnisse verst?rken die Zweifel im Hinblick auf die Brauchbarkeit der Zoll?quivalente zur Quantifizierung von Handelsschranken. Die Zoll?quivalente tendierten dahin, das Ausma\ der Handelsbeschr?nkungen zu übersch?tzen und gaben nicht immer korrekt die Richtung an, in der die ?nderung der relativen Handelsverminderung stattfand.
Résumé Une méthode alternative pour la quantification des obstacles en commerce international. —Dans cet article nous essayons de trouver une méthode de quantifier les obstacles en commerce international en arrivant aux résultats qui sont significatifs en cadre des négociations internationales sur le problème de réduire les obstacles en commerce extérieur. Premièrement nous essayons de discuter quelques approches faites récemment qui utilisaient des equivalents tarifaires. Puis nous nous occupons au critérium approprié de quantifier les obstacles en commerce extérieur. Nous pensons que le critérium approprié est la réduction relative de la quantité importée. Puis nous examinons la relation entre ce critérium et l'équivalent tarifaire. Il apparaít que seulement sous les conditions très restrictives les équivalents tarifaires sont des critères corrects pour l'influence des obstacles en commerce extérieur au sens de la réduction relative de la quantité importée. D'abord nous présentons une méthode alternative avec laquelle le critérium est exprimé en variables mesurables. La méthode comme celle des équivalents tarifaires est basée sur la supposition que les obstacles en commerce extérieur mènent aux differences entre les prix locaux et les prix d'importation. Nous appliquons la méthode aux produits pour lesquels les produits locaux et importés sont homogènes. Nous faisons un essai d'appliquer la méthode empiriquement. Les résultats obtenus soulignent les doutes concernant la convenance des équivalents tarifaires pour la quantification des obstacles en commerce extérieur. Les équivalents tarifaires avaient une tendance vers la surestimation de la mesure de restriction de commerce extérieur et n'indiquaient pas toujours la direction du change de la réduction relative du commerce extérieur correctement.

Resumen Un método alternativo para cuantificar las barreras del comercio internacional. —En este artículo se hizo un esfuerzo por encontrar un método para cuantificar las barreras del comercio internacional, que condujo a resultados que son de importancia dentro del marco de negociaciones internacionales sobre rebajas de barreras comerciales. Primeramente se discuten investigaciones anteriores que han hecho uso de equivalentes de tarifas. En seguida se discute el problema de la búsqueda de criterios adecuados para cuantificar las barreras comerciales. El criterio que se estima que cumple con los requisitos es las reducción relativa de la cantidas importada. Entonces se examina la relación entre este criterio y el equivalente tarifario. Ocurre que solamente bajo condiciones muy restrictivas los equivalentes tarifarios son un criterio correcto para determinar la influencia de barreras comerciales en el sentido de una reducción relativa de la cantidad importada. En seguida se presenta un método alternativo, en el que el criterio mencionado se expresa en variables mensurables. El método, igual que aquél de los équivalentes tarifarios, se basa sobre el supuesto que las barreras tarifarias llevan a diferencias entre precios domésticos y precios de importatión. El método es aplicable a productos en que existe homogenidad entre aquéllos de origen doméstico y aquéllos de origen importado. Se hizo un intento para aplicar el método empiricamente. Los resultados obtenidos refuerzan las dudas sobre la aceptabilidad de los équivalentes tarifarios para la cuantificación de la barreras comerciales. Los équivalentes tarifarios tendían a sobreestimar la influencia de la restrictión al comercio y no indicaban siempre la dirección del cambio de la reducción relativa del comercio correctamente.
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abstract How do incumbent firms and environments co‐evolve and how are firm‐level adaptation and selection at industry level interrelated? Can and do large established organizations renew themselves to adapt to their environment? Three single‐lens theories, relating to environmental selection, institutional theory, managerial intentionality, and a co‐evolutionary perspective are used to investigate strategic renewal of incumbent firms. We derive propositions and distinguish between three dimensions of strategic renewal and develop metrics to investigate our propositions in a multi‐level, multi‐country, longitudinal study of the European financial services industry. Our results provide the following insights. From an environmental selection perspective, we found incumbents have a preference for exploitation renewal actions. Country institutional environments appear to explain to what extent incumbents prefer internal and/or external renewal actions. Managerial intentionality seems to explain outlier behaviour and firm‐specific frequency and timing of renewal actions. From a co‐evolutionary perspective, interaction effects explain deviations from predictions derived from the single‐lens theories applied in this paper.  相似文献   
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