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151.
This paper presents a model to explain the official discount rate of the Central Bank of Austria–Hungary from 1876 to 1913.
The discount rate is assumed to depend on the liquidity ratio of the Bank, defined as the ratio of its stock of metals to
banknotes issued, and on changes in foreign discount rates. The paper also presents an equation explaining the liquidity ratio.
We use “not equally spaced chronologically ordered data” referring to the 50 discount rate changes enacted. The regressions
confirm that the liquidity ratio was the main determinant of the discount rate and that Germany (and not Great Britain) played
a significant role in determining the Austro–Hungarian discount rate and the liquidity ratios, supporting the view that the
classical gold standard was a decentralized multipolar system rather than a system fully dominated by London as suggested
by Keynes. The regressions also suggest that, although Austria–Hungary had an inconvertible paper currency (1879–1892) and
fluctuating exchange rates (1876–1895) and formally joined the gold standard only in 1902, it “shadowed” the behaviour of
gold standard Central Banks with such consistency that the stability of the estimated regressions was relatively unaffected
by the frequent institutional changes.
相似文献
Jürgen WoltersEmail: |
152.
Md. Ezazul Islam Md. Rafiqul Islam A B M Shawkat Ali 《The Review of Socionetwork Strategies》2016,10(2):105-123
Security of Big Data is a huge concern. In a broad sense, Big Data contains two types of data: structured and unstructured. Providing security to unstructured data is more difficult than providing security to structured data. In this paper, we have developed an approach to provide adequate security to unstructured data by considering types of data and their sensitivity levels. We have reviewed the different analytics methods of Big Data to build nodes of different types of data. Each type of data has been classified to provide adequate security and enhance the overhead of the security system. To provide security to a data node, and a security suite has been designed by incorporating different security algorithms. Those security algorithms collectively form a security suite which has been interfaced with the data node. Information on data sensitivity has been collected through a survey. We have shown through several experiments on multiple computer systems with varied configurations that data classification with respect to sensitivity levels enhances the performance of the system. The experimental results show how and in what amount the designed security suite reduces overhead and increases security simultaneously. 相似文献
153.
In this paper, we give a sufficient and almost necessary condition for the existence of optimal strategies in linear multisector models when time is continuous. 相似文献
154.
This paper considers the combination of pollution taxes and abatement subsidies when some polluting firms procure their abatement
goods and services from an oligopolistic eco-industry. The regulator must here cope with two simultaneous price distortions:
one that comes from pollution and the other which is caused by the eco-industry’s market power. In this context, we show that
taxing emissions while subsidizing polluters’ abatement efforts cannot lead to first-best, but the opposite occurs provided
it is the eco-industry’s output which is subsidized. When public transfers also create distortions, welfare can be higher
if the regulator uses only an emission tax, but subsidizing abatement suppliers while taxing emissions remains optimal when
the eco-industry is concentrated. 相似文献
155.
156.
Vivek K. Velamuri Anne-Katrin Neyer Kathrin M. Möslein 《Journal für Betriebswirtschaft》2011,61(1):3-35
This systematic review analyses literature on the work of hybrid value creation, i.e. the process of generating additional value by innovatively combining products (tangible component) and services (intangible component). A state of the art report on hybrid value creation is delivered by first systematically identifying and then analyzing 169 publications focusing on hybrid value creation. The identified publications are clustered into eight categories based on their links and interactions and thus a mapping of this evolving field is suggested. A discussion and reflection of the findings with respect to the pervasiveness of literature and the research methodologies used is provided. The paper concludes by identifying some dominant strategic gaps in the overall research landscape and provides directions for future research. 相似文献
157.
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159.
Ansgar Steland 《Metrika》2004,60(3):229-249
Motivated in part by applications in model selection in statistical genetics and sequential monitoring of financial data, we study an empirical process framework for a class of stopping rules which rely on kernel-weighted averages of past data. We are interested in the asymptotic distribution for time series data and an analysis of the joint influence of the smoothing policy and the alternative defining the deviation from the null model (in-control state). We employ a certain type of local alternative which provides meaningful insights. Our results hold true for short memory processes which satisfy a weak mixing condition. By relying on an empirical process framework we obtain both asymptotic laws for the classical fixed sample design and the sequential monitoring design. As a by-product we establish the asymptotic distribution of the Nadaraya-Watson kernel smoother when the regressors do not get dense as the sample size increases.Acknowledgements The author is grateful to two anonymous referees for their constructive comments, which improved the paper. One referee draws my attention to Lifshits paper. The financial support of the Collaborative Research Centre Reduction of Complexity in Multivariate Data Structures (SFB 475) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) is greatly acknowledged. 相似文献
160.