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81.
82.
Abstract. In this paper we adopt the Panzar–Rosse approach to assess the competitive conditions in the German banking market for the period from 1993 to 2002. We suggest several improvements to the empirical application of the approach and show that frequently used empirical models that apply price rather than revenue functions lead to biased results. Using disaggregated annual data from more than 400 savings banks (Sparkassen) the empirical findings indicate monopolistic competition, the cases of monopoly and perfect competition are strongly rejected. Furthermore, small banks seem to enjoy even more market power than larger institutions. 相似文献
83.
Horst Claus Recktenwald 《Kyklos》1967,20(4):607-641
The public good ‘internal security’ is not absolutely indivisible. To a certain degree it is possible to differentiate between the actual good, its supply and demand, just as to exclude from consumption. This opens a door to a widely neglected efficiency analysis in this classical field of state activity. Neither the private market mechanism nor the political decision-making process seem to be practicable instruments. A solution based on a social welfare function appears equally unsuited. Therefore cost-benefit must be applied as a means of calculating efficiency, if the public good ‘internal protection’ is sensibly defined in the broadest sense that is according to functional, personal, regional, temporal, and sociological viewpoints or in terms of purveyor and recipient of public security, expressed in monetary or technical units. Success or failure in calculating efficiency of internal order and protection depend above all on whether (a) the particular kinds of public safety (life, health, honesty, freedom and property) are comprehensible and definable; (b) the several components (projects) are comparable and (c) the indices of cost and benefit stand in reasonable relationship to each other, which of course does not mean that this connection must be ‘monocausaP and linear. The author evaluates criteria for measuring the benefits and costs. Some empirical analyses reveal the possibilities and limitations of these quantitative methods and legal institutions. At the end, in the field of police, the author shows the ways and means to increase efficiency in the political and administrative process. 相似文献
84.
Horst Heldmann 《Intereconomics》1973,8(11):340-343
This article deals with transport as a service and as an investment sector. It shows the special role of transport in national economy and draws attention to some problems, which are characteristic and of particular importance to LDCs. 相似文献
85.
The present paper combines loss attitudes and linear utility by providing an axiomatic analysis of cumulative prospect theory (CPT) in the framework for decision under uncertainty. We derive a two-sided variant of Choquet expected utility (CEU) with possibly different capacities for gains and for losses, and linear utility. Naturally, utility may have a kink at the status quo, which allows for the exhibition of loss aversion. The central condition of our model is termed independence of common increments. 相似文献
86.
87.
Horst Feldmann 《Open Economies Review》2013,24(3):537-553
Using data on 78 countries over 1980 to 2008 and a host of controls, this paper finds that switching from a floating regime to a pegged or an intermediate regime is likely to substantially reduce unemployment. Using a three-way regime classification, the estimated effect of switching to a pegged (to an intermediate) regime is around two percentage points (around one percentage point) after 2 years. These results are robust to variations in both specification and three-way classification. When using a four-way classification, we find evidence that switching from a float to a hard peg is most likely to reduce unemployment. 相似文献
88.
Ted Baumann 《Development Southern Africa》2004,21(5):785-798
This article compares the performance of selected South African microcredit non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that have a poverty-alleviation focus against various benchmarks drawn from the MicroBanking Bulletin. Donors, governments and many analysts regard sustainability as the benchmark of microfinance institutions' (MFIs) performance. However, the most relevant question is whether microcredit NGOs are doing as well as they can in their context. Of particular contextual importance is income inequality in a society. South Africa has the world's second worst income inequality, after neighbouring Botswana. This creates a situation in which microcredit NGOs must recover ‘First World’ costs, particularly salaries, from revenues based on clients who can only afford loans on a par with Third World countries. Compounding this situation are structural obstacles to microenterprise in South Africa, as well as obstacles to productivity in microcredit NGOs. Taken together, this creates a ‘salary burden’ for South African microcredit NGOs, which is the highest in the world according to relevant benchmarks. South African MFI managers face significant obstacles to improving productivity to compensate for the divergence between staff and client living levels. These include an inadequate skills base, the small scale of the market, rapid labour turnover, and limited resources for capacity development. South African MFIs face the options of moving upmarket (which many have done), adopting methodological innovation or new product development, or closure. Of these, there is a strong argument to be made for supported savings and credit approaches as an alternative to NGO-based microcredit. Such an approach has the advantages of greater voluntary input and social capital formation. 相似文献
89.
90.
Horst Reichert 《Review of World Economics》1990,126(4):754-760
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