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91.
Vanthuan Nguyen Bonnie F. Van Ness Robert R. Van Ness 《Journal of Economics and Finance》2007,31(2):251-267
We examine how the different mix of informed and liquidity trading in the market for ETFs affects the nature of inter-market
competition. We find that both the characteristics of the securities and the structures of the competing markets jointly determine
the nature of inter-market competition. Given the superior execution quality on the ECNs and the low adverse selection costs
in the ETF market, anonymous market such as the ECNs, attract both liquidity and informed traders. We also find that markets
compete in a subset of ETFs. In addition, we find that quotebased competition is prevalent in the market for ETFs. 相似文献
92.
Zusammenfassung Es wird eine optimale Strategie im Sinne des minimalen erwarteten Verlustes für die beiden Entscheidungeny>y
o undyy
o aufgrund der Messungen einer mitY positiv korrelierten, einfacher und/oder billiger zugänglichen ZufallsvariablenX abgeleitet. Dabei wird angenommen, daßX undY nach einer bivariaten Normalverteilung mit bekannten Parametern verteilt sind und die Entscheidungyy
o getroffen wird, wennx größer ist als ein zu bestimmendesx
o, und die Entscheidungy>y
o, wennx gleich oder kleiner als diesesx
o ist. Für die Bestimmung des optimalenx
o werden zunächst die Kosten für die beiden Fehlentscheidungen jeweils als konstant vorausgesetzt, in einem weiteren Ansatz wird jedoch für die Mißklassifikationyy
o eine mity exponentiell wachsende Risikofunktion angenommen. Um die relative Häufigkeit der zu erwartenden Fehlklassifikationen abschätzen zu können, wird schließlich die bedingte WahrscheinlichkeitP(x>x
o,y) errechnet.
Summary An optimal strategy, with minimum expected risk, for the decisionsy>y o oryy o is constructed on the basis of the measurement of a variableX, which is positively correlated withY and can be measured more easily and/or with smaller expense. A bivariate normal distribution with known parameters is assumed forX andY. For the observationsx a limitx o is aimed at, so that the decisionsy>y o oryy o are taken ifx>x orxx o respectively. Optimal values ofx o are first calculated under the assumption of constant losses for the two misclassifications (x>x o ifyy o andxx o ify>y o). In a further approach the loss for a wrong decisionyy o is assumed to increase exponentially withy. Finally the conditional probabilityP (x>x o\y) is calculated to get an assessment of the relative frequencies of wrong decisions to be expected.相似文献
93.
Akhavein Jalal D. Swamy P. A. V. B. Taubman Stephen B. Singamsetti Rao N. 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》1997,8(1):71-93
This article develops a new method of estimating inefficiencies in joint production and shows that unlike the approaches utilized in the previous studies of inefficiency, this method maintains a consistent relationship between the error term of a profit function and the error terms of its price derivatives. A useful by-product of the method is a proof of a Hotelling-like lemma that relates stochastic input demand and output supply functions to stochastic profit functions. While the previous studies fit a single frontier to data on all firms, this paper estimates a frontier unique to every observed firm to allow each one to have a different potential of achieving maximal levels of profit. The new method is applied in the analysis of annual data, 1984–1989, for U.S. commercial banks. Both the analytical and numerical results of the paper show that the residual that the previous studies attribute to inefficiency includes the effects of excluded variables and of inaccuracies in the specified functional forms. Once accurate estimates of these effects are subtracted from the residual, the distortions in the measured inefficiencies should be considerably reduced. Consequently, this article considers how such estimates might be obtained. 相似文献
94.
95.
Ekkehart Boehmer Gary C. Sanger Sanjay B. Varshney 《Journal of Economics and Finance》2004,28(1):117-131
Given the decision to create a second class of stock through a dual-class structure, we propose that management is more (less)
likely to create a liquid secondary market for both classes of shares the lower (higher) its willingness to tie its personal
wealth to firm performance. If market makers recognize this relation, they should assign a higher likelihood to trades motivated
by superior information in shares of firms that list both classes of stock and a lower likelihood for firms that list only
one class of stock pursuant to recapitalization. Additionally, they should assign a lower likelihood to trades motivated by
superior information in shares of IPOs that choose a dual-class structure and list only one class relative to IPOs that remain
single-class. Our empirical tests based on IPOS and recaps between 1985 and 1988 provide support for these propositions. 相似文献
96.
Using a sample of S & P 500 firms, we find that golden parachutes are associated with concentrated external ownership, less
concentrated internal ownership, and non-Delaware incorporation. We find little support that concentrated external owners
use golden parachutes as credible commitment devices. The general multivariate results support the incentive alignment hypothesis,
and reaffirm the view that golden parachutes are a mechanism used to align managerial and shareholder interests when there
is a separation between ownership and control. (JEL G32) 相似文献
97.
98.
Charles Blackorby Daniel Primont R. Robert Russell 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》2007,28(3):203-208
We show that the Hotelling–Lau elasticity of substitution, an extension of the Allen–Uzawa elasticity to allow for optimal
output-quantity (or utility) responses to changes in factor prices, inherits all of the failings of the Allen–Uzawa elasticity
identified by Blackorby and Russell [(1989) Am Econ Rev 79: 882–888]. An analogous extension of the Morishima elasticity of
substitution to allow for output quantity changes preserves the salient properties of the original Hicksian notion of elasticity
of substitution.
We thank Paolo Bertoletti for drawing our attention to the issue addressed in this paper and for his comments on an earlier
draft. 相似文献
99.
In this paper we construct all possible orthogonal arrays OA(18,q, 3,2) with 18 runs and 3 ≤ q ≤ 7 columns and present those that are nonisomorphic. A discussion on the novelty and the superiority of many of the designs
found in terms of isomorphism and generalized minimum aberration has been made.
相似文献
100.
In this paper, we propose an estimator for the population mean when some observations on the study and auxiliary variables
are missing from the sample. The proposed estimator is valid for any unequal probability sampling design, and is based upon
the pseudo empirical likelihood method. The proposed estimator is compared with other estimators in a simulation study. 相似文献