A Behavioral Science Assessment of Selected Principles of Consumer Education

This study examines the behavioral science support for a set of twenty food-buying principles that a content analysis revealed are the most commonly cited in consumer education textbooks in the 1980s. Three types of principles are found; they differ in the consumer behaviors they recommend as well as in the nature and strength of support they receive in the behavioral science literature. In addition, a Multiple Gatekeeping Model is developed to account for low consumer usage of many of the food-buying principles.     

Effect of Thermal Improvements in Housing on Residential Energy Demand

Many estimates of the savings resulting from energy conserving modifications to a house do not take into account the role that such modifications play in the production of house warmth. Consumers can be expected to take some of these savings in increased house warmth as well as in lower demand for residential energy. The model estimated in this paper shows that when this effect is accounted for savings in energy due to energy conserving modifications are considerably less than anticipated without this effect.     

Food choices and the younger generation

Food choice is influenced by many factors including physical, social and psychological ones. In this research, the food choices of young people in the 9–15 age group were investigated and the possible factors influencing them examined. Observations and questionnaires carried out in schools within Northern Ireland indicated that many young people are inclined to choose high-fat and high-sugar products and often dislike fresh fruit and vegetables. This raises concern, especially with the continued high incidence of coronary heart disease within the province. Further work has suggested that young people are aware of current nutrition policies and the importance of healthy eating, but still fail to put this knowledge into practice.     

Annoncer ou ne pas annoncer? Causes et conséquences de l’abandon des annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels

Depuis quelques années, les annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels font l’objet de sévères critiques, leurs détracteurs affirmant qu’elles incitent à la gestion à courte vue et à d’autres péchés. C’est pourquoi les institutions influentes enjoignent aux dirigeants de cesser la publication de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels. Les auteurs examinent empiriquement les causes de cet abandon de la publication de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels et constatent que la piètre performance opérationnelle — bénéfices à la baisse, résultats inférieurs aux prévisions des analystes et rentabilité prévue plus faible — est le principal motif pour lequel les entreprises abandonnent les annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels. Dans les entreprises qui ont abandonné ces annonces, les auteurs n’observent pas de croissance appréciable de l’investissement à long terme après que les dirigeants se soient libérés de la myopie des investisseurs. Contrairement à l’affirmation selon laquelle les entreprises publieraient davantage d’autres informations à caractère prévisionnel en remplacement des annonces de résultats trimestriels et prévisionnels, les auteurs constatent que les entreprises se dérobent. Ils observent également une détérioration de l’environnement informationnel des entreprises qui cessent la publication de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels, détérioration qui se manifeste par un plus grand nombre d’erreurs dans les prévisions des analystes et une plus grande dispersion des prévisions et par une diminution de l’intérêt des analystes. Ces constatations révèlent, dans leur ensemble, que les entreprises qui abandonnent les annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels sont principalement des entreprises en difficulté, et que la décision d’abandon n’est avantageuse ni pour les entreprises qui la prennent ni pour leurs investisseurs.     

Managing Insurance Company Financial Statements to Meet Regulatory and Tax Reporting Goals*

This study investigates the extent to which property-casualty insurers select levels of loss reserves, net capital gains, and net stock transactions to meet solvency and tax reporting goals. Insurer solvency is reflected in financial measures known as IRIS (Insurance Regulatory Information System) ratios. IRIS ratios are generally enhanced by underestimating loss reserves, accelerating the realization of capital gains, postponing the realization of capital losses, issuing stock, and cutting dividends. Taxable income is reduced by reporting higher reserves and lower net capital gains on investments. We use simultaneous equations to model the three discretionary choices individually, while controlling for potential tradeoffs among the decisions. During the sample period of the study (1990-95), there is a shift in the regulatory environment that we argue tends to reduce incentives to meet IRIS goals. Specifically, risk-based capital (RBC) requirements were adopted in 1994. Although IRIS ratios continued to be used for solvency screening, their effect is expected to be diluted in the post-RBC period. Our results provide qualified support for this claim. Evidence of the phenomenon is stronger when the choice variables are net capital gains and stock transactions, and weaker when loss reserves are considered. Two of the three discretionary choices affect taxable income: loss reserves and capital gains. We find that tax incentives are significantly associated with the loss reserve estimate throughout the sample period. In contrast, our results are only weakly consistent with the view that capital gains are timed to achieve tax relief.     

Boarding a Sinking Ship? An Investigation of Job Applications to Distressed Firms

We use novel data from a leading online job search platform to examine the impact of corporate distress on firms’ ability to attract job applicants. Survey responses suggest that job seekers accurately perceive firms’ financial condition, as measured by companies’ credit default swap prices and accounting data. Analyzing responses to job postings by major financial firms during the Great Recession, we find that an increase in an employer's distress results in fewer and lower quality applicants. These effects are particularly evident when the social safety net provides workers with weak protection against unemployment and for positions requiring a college education.     

Consumers' Attitude Change Across Sequences of Successful and Unsuccessful Product Usage

In two experiments we examine how consumers are affected by a sequence composed of an initial product-failure experience followed by a success experience. Our interest is to assess how consumers' evaluation of the product and of their own performance change after the second experience. A preliminary experiment used hypothetical scenarios describing consumers' experiences with different products. In the main experiment, participants received actual hands-on experience with a Smith-Corona Personal Typewriter/Word Processor. A major result was that product evaluations could be as high following a failure-success sequence of experiences as following success alone. This was especially true with hands-on experiences. However, the main experiment showed that negative affect (frustration) expressed following an actual product failure experience remained even after a subsequent success. Marketing implications of these dual results are discussed.     

Market Structure and Audit Fees: A Local Analysis*

This study conducts a local analysis of the relation between market structure and audit fees. The research question of interest to us is how audit fees are determined by each practicing local office, after taking into account the auditor's own position in a local market and the influence exerted by his or her clients. Appealing to the economic theories of monopoly and monopsony power, we hypothesize a positive audit fee‐concentration relation, and a negative audit fee‐client influence relation. Results indicate that auditor market concentration is positively associated with the non‐Big 6 audit fees but is unrelated to the Big 6 audit fees. Evidence is mixed concerning the client influence hypothesis. When this construct is proxied by the number of rival auditors operating within a geographic area centered on the municipality, the prediction of negative audit fee‐client influence relation is strongly supported for both groups of auditors. Results are much weaker using measures developed based on the relative importance of a municipal client to its auditor's audit portfolio. The issues addressed in this study are important at a time when the Canadian municipal sector is undergoing major changes because of municipal amalgamation, altering the underlying market structure for audit services and the bargaining position of a municipality vis‐Ã‐vis its auditor. More broadly speaking, our analysis implies that when assessing an auditor's report for signs of client pressure, the professional oversight bodies and regulatory authorities need to consider the relative, rather than the absolute, bargaining position of the client in question.     

Competition and Big 6 Brand Name Reputation: Evidence from the Ontario Municipal Audit Market*

The 1991 amendment to the auditor appointment requirement of section 86 of the Ontario Municipal Act removes certain barriers to entry into the Ontario municipal audit market. The purpose of this study is to provide evidence that the amendment has enhanced competition in this market. The results indicate that there is a general reduction in the real municipal audit fees compared with the pre‐amendment levels, and that the market has become more contestable following the amendment. Notwithstanding the heightened competition, the Big 6 audit firms continue to command audit fee premiums over the non‐Big 6 audit firms. This suggests that Big 6 audit fee premiums possibly reflect brand name reputation rather than monopoly/oligopoly rents.