The High‐Frequency Response of the EUR‐USD Exchange Rate to ECB Communication

We investigate the impact of the European Central Bank's monetary policy communication during the press conference held after the monthly Governing Council meeting on the EUR‐USD exchange rate in high frequency. Based on the method of Content Analysis, we construct communication indicators for the introductory statement and find that communication with respect to future price developments is most relevant. In response to statements about increasing risks to price stability the EUR appreciates on impact. To the contrary, communication about economic activity and monetary aggregates does not generate significant exchange rate reactions.     

Family Composition and Investment in Household Capital: Contrasts in the Behavior of the Husband-Wife and Female-Headed Households

This paper estimates a portfolio model that includes investment in human capital, as well as traditional investments of housing, financial assets, and automobiles, and that contrasts portfolios of husband-wife households with female-headed households. Female headed households adjust their portfolios to disequilibria in various stocks more slowly than husband-wife households.     

A Behavioral Science Assessment of Selected Principles of Consumer Education

This study examines the behavioral science support for a set of twenty food-buying principles that a content analysis revealed are the most commonly cited in consumer education textbooks in the 1980s. Three types of principles are found; they differ in the consumer behaviors they recommend as well as in the nature and strength of support they receive in the behavioral science literature. In addition, a Multiple Gatekeeping Model is developed to account for low consumer usage of many of the food-buying principles.     

Note on Self‐Selection of Auditors in the Municipal Sector*

The objective of this article is to revisit the literature on Big‐N audit fee premiums in the municipal setting using a methodology that controls for self‐selection bias. Because auditor choices can be predicted based on certain client characteristics, using standard one‐stage ordinary least squares regressions to draw inferences about the presence or absence of such a premium in the extant public‐sector audit fee studies may not be appropriate. Results indicate that, after controlling for a self‐selection bias, Big‐6 (non‐Big‐6) municipal clients on average pay a fee premium, compared to the case if they were to retain a non‐Big‐6 (Big‐6) auditor. Results continue to hold when we conduct further analyses on a subset of municipalities with access to both Big‐6 and non‐Big‐6 auditors in a local market defined by a 60‐km radius, rather than over a province‐wide audit market. The existence of non‐Big‐6 audit fee premiums has not been documented previously in the private‐ or public‐sector audit fee literature. We surmise that it may be caused by the dominance (79.4 percent) of non‐Big‐6 auditors in the Ontario municipal market, compared to most private‐sector audit markets where their market share generally does not exceed 20 percent. The strong market position of non‐Big‐6 firms in turn may have allowed these auditors to command a fee premium for the subset of municipalities that self‐selects to be audited by them. An implication from our study is that Ontario municipalities often choose to be audited by more costly auditors, even though they could have paid lower audit fees by switching to an alternative auditor type. These results do not support those reported by Chaney et al. (2004) , who find that U.K. private firms are audited by the least costly auditor type. The conflicting findings may be attributable to the fact that the Ontario municipal audit market is subject to regulation by not just the audit profession but also the Ontario government and that, unlike business corporations, municipalities receive funding from provincial governments to fulfil much of their financial requirements. Thus, municipal clients may be relatively more willing to accept higher audit fees provided their chosen auditor (or auditor type) matches their needs.     

Market Structure and Audit Fees: A Local Analysis*

This study conducts a local analysis of the relation between market structure and audit fees. The research question of interest to us is how audit fees are determined by each practicing local office, after taking into account the auditor's own position in a local market and the influence exerted by his or her clients. Appealing to the economic theories of monopoly and monopsony power, we hypothesize a positive audit fee‐concentration relation, and a negative audit fee‐client influence relation. Results indicate that auditor market concentration is positively associated with the non‐Big 6 audit fees but is unrelated to the Big 6 audit fees. Evidence is mixed concerning the client influence hypothesis. When this construct is proxied by the number of rival auditors operating within a geographic area centered on the municipality, the prediction of negative audit fee‐client influence relation is strongly supported for both groups of auditors. Results are much weaker using measures developed based on the relative importance of a municipal client to its auditor's audit portfolio. The issues addressed in this study are important at a time when the Canadian municipal sector is undergoing major changes because of municipal amalgamation, altering the underlying market structure for audit services and the bargaining position of a municipality vis‐Ã‐vis its auditor. More broadly speaking, our analysis implies that when assessing an auditor's report for signs of client pressure, the professional oversight bodies and regulatory authorities need to consider the relative, rather than the absolute, bargaining position of the client in question.     

Market Microstructure and the Ex-Date Return

This article examines the role of measurement biases, due to order flow effects, in abnormal split ex-day returns. We conjecture that postsplit orders consist of numerous small buyers and fewer larger sellers. This change in order flow causes closing prices to occur more frequently at the ask price, consistent with Maloney and Mulherin (1992) and Grinblatt and Keim (1991) . In addition, this change causes specialists' spreads to increase, perhaps to offset larger average inventories. We examine both NYSE and NASDAQ samples and find that order flow biases can explain approximately 80 percent (48 percent) of the NYSE (NASDAQ) ex-day return.     

Boarding a Sinking Ship? An Investigation of Job Applications to Distressed Firms

We use novel data from a leading online job search platform to examine the impact of corporate distress on firms’ ability to attract job applicants. Survey responses suggest that job seekers accurately perceive firms’ financial condition, as measured by companies’ credit default swap prices and accounting data. Analyzing responses to job postings by major financial firms during the Great Recession, we find that an increase in an employer's distress results in fewer and lower quality applicants. These effects are particularly evident when the social safety net provides workers with weak protection against unemployment and for positions requiring a college education.     

Gender Levees: Rethinking Women's Land Rights in Northeastern Honduras

In the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch, one woman's impassioned speech linking women's exclusion from land rights with the failings of Honduras' state-led agrarian reform and counter-reform gathered gale force, simultaneously weakening particular levees of gender-bias while constructing others. Post-Hurricane Mitch organizational practices and reconstruction policies in Northeastern Honduras afforded women access to joint property titles and participation. Yet the practices and processes through which women gained new rights reproduced certain exclusionary gender structures and created new barriers to women's participation. These contradictory consequences speak to recent feminist assessments of women's land rights under neo-liberal land titling programmes and a resurgence of policies addressing agrarian reform, and reveal the broader stakes of struggles for women's land rights. In so doing, they underline the importance of attending to spatial connections and historical articulations between the present and the past, and thus the past and the future.     

Annoncer ou ne pas annoncer? Causes et conséquences de l’abandon des annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels

Depuis quelques années, les annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels font l’objet de sévères critiques, leurs détracteurs affirmant qu’elles incitent à la gestion à courte vue et à d’autres péchés. C’est pourquoi les institutions influentes enjoignent aux dirigeants de cesser la publication de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels. Les auteurs examinent empiriquement les causes de cet abandon de la publication de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels et constatent que la piètre performance opérationnelle — bénéfices à la baisse, résultats inférieurs aux prévisions des analystes et rentabilité prévue plus faible — est le principal motif pour lequel les entreprises abandonnent les annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels. Dans les entreprises qui ont abandonné ces annonces, les auteurs n’observent pas de croissance appréciable de l’investissement à long terme après que les dirigeants se soient libérés de la myopie des investisseurs. Contrairement à l’affirmation selon laquelle les entreprises publieraient davantage d’autres informations à caractère prévisionnel en remplacement des annonces de résultats trimestriels et prévisionnels, les auteurs constatent que les entreprises se dérobent. Ils observent également une détérioration de l’environnement informationnel des entreprises qui cessent la publication de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels, détérioration qui se manifeste par un plus grand nombre d’erreurs dans les prévisions des analystes et une plus grande dispersion des prévisions et par une diminution de l’intérêt des analystes. Ces constatations révèlent, dans leur ensemble, que les entreprises qui abandonnent les annonces de résultats trimestriels prévisionnels sont principalement des entreprises en difficulté, et que la décision d’abandon n’est avantageuse ni pour les entreprises qui la prennent ni pour leurs investisseurs.