Forecasting the Market Return on Common Stocks

Most institutional fund managers attempt to adjust the stock-bond composition of portfolios over time in anticipation of stock market movements. Using quarterly data in 1962–72 for the United States, this paper demonstrates that 'profitable' strategies for timing portfolio composition in common stocks and Treasury bills are generally not attainable after transaction costs if one uses lagged observations of corporate profit, money supply and consumer sentiment to forecast the market return, as this information is largely reflected in current stock prices. By contrast, accurate forecasts of these aggregate variables lead to substantial market-timing profits relative to a buy-and-hold policy of remaining fully invested in common stocks.     

The Consumer Tax Equivalent of a Tariff with Imperfect Substitutes

In estimating the Consumer Tax Equivalent (CTE) and Producer Subsidy Equivalent (PSE) of a tariff, it is often assumed that the imported good is a perfect substitute for the relevant locally made good. However, in evaluating the economy-wide effects of a change in tariff using general equilibrium models, it is common to assume that the imported good is an imperfect substitute (so-called Arming-ton assumption)¹ This paper estimates CTE assuming imperfect substitution in order to be consistent with the assumption commonly used in general equilibrium models. It shows how estimates of the CTE and PSE are sensitive to assumptions about the substitution elasticity of demand and the price elasticity of supply for the locally made good.     

GORBACHEV'S PERESTROIKA

In its broadest sense, perestroika may encompass economic reforms or restructuring, openness to criticism, and democratization. One may attribute perestroika significantly to low performance, if not failure, in the Soviet system—notably, the need to modernize and to rectify lagging growth rates. The economic content of perestroika embodies fairly radical and comprehensive changes—notably, expanding enterprise autonomy and price mechanisms, reducing the scope and intensity of centralized planning, and allowing a larger role for individual and cooperative enterprise. Soviet experience supports the view that economic and political reforms are connected. Glasnost (openness) and democratization have expanded, partly as means to foster public support for economic restructuring. Such support is crucial, due to competing factions within the Communist Party and to the Party's opposition to more radical or democratizing reforms. Mikhail Gorbachev, after rejecting both Stalinism and post-Stalinism, has turned to pre-Stalinist sources—the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin, Bukharin—for intellectual inspirations. Obstacles to reforms are substantial, and one may identify several alternative scenarios.     

The Social Marginal Valuation of Income: Australian Estimates from Government Behaviour*

Alternative public policies frequently incorporate distributional goals. The elasticity of the social marginal valuation of income, ε, can help to derive welfare weights for different individuals in different income groups. Estimates are presented of the elasticity of the social marginal valuation of income implied by the Australian personal income tax, in the period 1968–69 to 1975–76. Both equal absolute (EAS) and equal proportional sacrifice (EPS) models are used to infer the elasticity values. Using taxable income as a proxy for income, the consistent value of ε under EAS was found to range from 2.07 to 2.57; the EPS range was 1.76 to 2.40. A number of considerations suggested a best-guess magnitude of about 2.2. Caution is urged in the interpretation and use of these results.     

Experimental methods in accounting: A discussion of recurring issues*

Abstract. “What economic problems do existing accounting institutions solve?” Experimental economics helps to answer this question. It can be applied to issues in disclosure and auditing, regulation and taxation, and the internal organization of the firm. One can experimentally examine questions such as “Why do firms disclose?” “Why is there a regular issuance of financial statements by firms?”, “Why do managers make forecasts?” “What is the role of regulation in accounting?” “What effects do various tax policies have on the demand for depreciable risky assets?” “What is the role of information in the organization of the firm?” “What costs and benefits are associated with decentralization?” Experimental economics builds the interplay between theory and data, which is necessary for a discipline to become legitimate science. Theory is the guidepost in attempting to construct imaginative examinations of phenomena, and the results of the tests become a basis for revising theory. Experimental economics is a powerful tool for extending understanding of accounting phenomena. Using this tool is not without its limitations. Most experiments make precise choice predictions even though the tastes and beliefs of experimental subjects are at most partially known. Because the phenomena of interest are often quite complex, there are usually several maintained hypotheses. As the complexity of these settings increases, there is also increasing need for statistical contributions. This paper is intended to aid in the development of experimental economics as a research tool in accounting by assisting both those interested in conducting experiments and those interested in assimilating experiments to evaluate experimental work critically. Résumé. «Quels problèmes économiques les institutions comptables existantes résolvent-elles?: l'economique expérimentale apporte une réponse à cette question. Elle peut se pencher sur des sujets touchant la présentation d'information et la vérification, la réglementation et l'imposition, de même que l'organisation interne de l'entreprise. L'économique expérimentale s'intéresse à des questions comme les suivantes: «Pourquoi les entreprises présentent-elles de l'information?», «Pourquoi les entreprises publientelles régulièrement des états financiers?», «Pourquoi les gestionnaires font-ils des prévisions?», «Quel est le rôle de la réglementation en comptabilité?», «Quelles conséquences les diverses politiques fiscales ont-elles sur la demande d'éléments d'actif amortissables présentant des risques?», «Quel est le rôle de l'information dans l'organisation de l'entreprise?» et «Quels coûts et quels avantages sont associés à la décentralisation?» L'économique expérimentale établit entre la théorie et les faits l'interaction nécessaire à la conversion d'une discipline en une science à part entière. La théorie sert de balise dans les efforts des chercheurs pour créer des façons imaginatives d'analyser les phénomènes, et les résultats de ces examens servent ensuite de fondement à la révision de la théorie. L'économique expérimentale est un instrument puissant permettant d'étendre nos connaissances en ce qui a trait aux phénomènes comptables. L'utilisation de cet instrument comporte, certes, des limites. Les prévisions résultant de la plurpart des expériences reposent sur des choix précis, même si les goûts et les convictions des sujets d'expérience sont, au mieux, partiellement connus. Les phénomènes qui présentent un intérêt étant souvent assez complexes, plusieurs hypothèses sont habituellement posées. Et plus les cas se complexifient, plus le rôle de la statistique revêt de l'importance. Les auteurs ont pour but de favoriser le développement de l'économique expérimentale à titre d'instrument de recherche en comptabilité en aidant à la fois ceux qui s'intéressent à la poursuite d'expériences et ceux qui s'intéressent à l'assimilation de ces expériences dans le but de procéder à l'évaluation critique des travaux expérimentaux.     

La productivité des professeurs de comptabilité au Canada: dépouillement de 10 publications spécialisées, 1976–1989

Résumé. Les auteurs examinent dans le texte qui suit la productivité des professeurs de comptabilité canadiens en procédant au dépouillement des articles ayant paru dans 10 publications avec comité de lecture entre 1976 et 1989 inclusivement. Ils recensent le nombre d'articles rédigés par les professeurs attachés à des établissements canadiens en les classant par sujet, qu'il s'agisse de textes théoriques ou pratiques, et selon la publication dans laquelle ces articles ont paru. Les auteurs ont procédé à la compilation de statistiques sommaires permettant d'évaluer la productivité globale et la productivité par auteur dans les établissements représentés et de déterminer les 10 chercheurs qui se sont révélés les plus productifs au cours de cette période ainsi qu'au cours des périodes intermédiaires 1976–1982 et 1983–1989.     

The Value of Bank Durability: Borrowers as Bank Stakeholders

We examine the value of bank durability to borrowing firms. The analysis is based on theoretical models of the asset services view of intermediation which imply that private information and associated relationship-specific activities are intrinsic to bank lending. We analyze share price effects on firms with lending relationships with Continental Illinois Bank during its de facto failure and subsequent FDIC rescue. We find the bank's impending insolvency had negative effects and the FDIC rescue positive effects on client firm share prices. We conclude that borrowers incur significant costs in response to unanticipated reductions in bank durability and thus are bank stakeholders.