全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2891篇 |
免费 | 121篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 526篇 |
工业经济 | 279篇 |
计划管理 | 566篇 |
经济学 | 654篇 |
综合类 | 25篇 |
运输经济 | 25篇 |
旅游经济 | 30篇 |
贸易经济 | 580篇 |
农业经济 | 73篇 |
经济概况 | 251篇 |
邮电经济 | 3篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 22篇 |
2022年 | 20篇 |
2021年 | 37篇 |
2020年 | 45篇 |
2019年 | 84篇 |
2018年 | 100篇 |
2017年 | 91篇 |
2016年 | 140篇 |
2015年 | 82篇 |
2014年 | 143篇 |
2013年 | 407篇 |
2012年 | 133篇 |
2011年 | 151篇 |
2010年 | 144篇 |
2009年 | 140篇 |
2008年 | 99篇 |
2007年 | 117篇 |
2006年 | 76篇 |
2005年 | 78篇 |
2004年 | 67篇 |
2003年 | 75篇 |
2002年 | 73篇 |
2001年 | 51篇 |
2000年 | 57篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 49篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 32篇 |
1994年 | 39篇 |
1993年 | 37篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 20篇 |
1985年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 22篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 13篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 17篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有3012条查询结果,搜索用时 937 毫秒
941.
We propose a class of distribution-free rank-based tests for the null hypothesis of a unit root. This class is indexed by the choice of a reference densityg, which need not coincide with the unknown actual innovation density f. The validity of these tests, in terms of exact finite-sample size, is guaranteed, irrespective of the actual underlying density, by distribution-freeness. Those tests are locally and asymptotically optimal under a particular asymptotic scheme, for which we provide a complete analysis of asymptotic relative efficiencies. Rather than stressing asymptotic optimality, however, we emphasize finite-sample performances, which also depend, quite heavily, on initial values. It appears that our rank-based tests significantly outperform the traditional Dickey-Fuller tests, as well as the more recent procedures proposed by Elliott et al. (1996), Ng and Perron (2001), and Elliott and Müller (2006), for a broad range of initial values and for heavy-tailed innovation densities. Thus, they provide a useful complement to existing techniques. 相似文献
942.
We review a large body of literature dealing with the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economies during their transformation from a command economic system toward a market system. We report the results of a meta-analysis based on the literature on externalities from FDI. The studies on emerging European markets covered in our survey report direct and indirect FDI effects weakening over time, similarly as in other FDI destination countries. This is imputable to a publication bias that is detected and to the fact that more sophisticated methods and more controls can be used once a sufficient time span is available. Panel studies are likely to find relatively lower spillover effects. The choice of the research design (definition of firm performance and foreign firm presence) matters. More specific to the sampled studies is the role played by forward and backward spillovers which dominate other channels in driving FDI externalities. 相似文献
943.
Ludo Waltman Nees Jan van Eck Rommert Dekker Uzay Kaymak 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(5):737-756
We are concerned with evolutionary algorithms that are employed for economic modeling purposes. We focus in particular on
evolutionary algorithms that use a binary encoding of strategies. These algorithms, commonly referred to as genetic algorithms,
are popular in agent-based computational economics research. In many studies, however, there is no clear reason for the use
of a binary encoding of strategies. We therefore examine to what extent the use of such an encoding may influence the results
produced by an evolutionary algorithm. It turns out that the use of a binary encoding can have quite significant effects.
Since these effects do not have a meaningful economic interpretation, they should be regarded as artifacts. Our findings indicate
that in general the use of a binary encoding is undesirable. They also highlight the importance of employing evolutionary
algorithms with a sensible economic interpretation. 相似文献
944.
Bjarne S. Jensen Paul de Boer Jan van Daal Peter S. Jensen 《Journal of Economics》2011,102(3):217-235
This paper extends the analytical and empirical application of the basic indirect utility function of Houthakker–Hanoch—called
the CDES specification (constant differences of elasticities of substitution). The non-homothetic CDES preferences are the
natural parametric extension on the global domain of the homothetic CES preferences with many commodities, and CDES can conveniently
be used in specifying CGE multisector models with a demand side satisfying observable Engel curve patterns. Moreover, all
Marshallian own-price elasticities are no longer restricted to exceed one, and positive and negative cross-price effects are
allowed for in empirical demand analyses. Explicit calculations of the Allen elasticities of substitution are instrumental
in demonstrating the economic implications of the parameters of indirect utility functions with global regularity properties
and flexibility of the derived demand systems. 相似文献
945.
Recent academic articles point to an increased vagueness and overlap in concepts related to business ethics and corporate
responsibility. Further, the perception of these notions can differ in the small-business world from the original academic
definitions. This article focuses on the cognition of small-business owner-managers. Given the impact of small-business owner–managers
on their ventures, corporate responsibility and ethical issues can take a different route in SMEs. The small-business owner–manager
is able to shape the corporate culture and to enact values other than profit. Adopting a cognitive perspective, we have identified
how the small-business owner–manager makes sense of notions linked to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics.
The concept of sensemaking has recently been applied to CSR (Basu and Pallazzo, 2008; Cramer et al., 2006). Applying a cognitive perspective to small-business owners may help in explaining specific phenomena found within small-business
ownership. For this research, the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) is used, a method that has not previously been widely applied
in the business and society field. 相似文献
946.
Steve Kaplan Carl Ferenbach Mike Bingle Marc Lipschultz Phil Canfield Alan Jones 《实用企业财务杂志》2011,23(4):8-33
In this discussion led by Alan Jones, Morgan Stanley's head of Global Private Equity, the University of Chicago's Steve Kaplan begins by surveying 25 years of academic research on private equity. Starting with Kaplan's own Ph.D. dissertation on leveraged buyouts during the 1980s, finance academics have provided a large and growing body of studies documenting the ability of private equity firms to make “sustainable” (that is, maintained over a three‐ or four‐year period) improvements in the operating performance of their portfolio companies, whether operating abroad or in the U.S. Even more impressive, the findings of Kaplan's new study (with Tim Jenkinson of Oxford and Bob Harris of the University of Virginia) suggest that these improvements have been large enough to enable PE funds raised between 1990 and 2008 to deliver returns to their limited partners that have averaged 300 to 400 basis points higher per year than the returns to the S&P 500. And given the “persistence” of PE fund returns—the tendency of the funds of the same PE firms to show up in the top quartile of performers year after year—that Kaplan has documented in earlier work, the performance of private equity seems notably different from that of mutual funds and hedge funds, where there has been little if any consistency in the returns provided by the top performers. Following Kaplan's overview of the research, four representatives of today's leading private equity firms explore questions like the following:
- ? How do the best PE firms, after paying premiums to acquire their portfolio companies and collecting large management fees, provide such consistently high returns to their limited partners?
- ? How did PE portfolio companies perform during the last recession, when many popular business publications were predicting the death of private equity—and what, if anything, does that tell us about how private equity adds value?
- ? What can PE firms do to avoid, or at least limit the damage from, the overpricing and overleveraging that tend to occur near the end of the boom‐and‐bust cycle that appears to be a permanent feature of private equity?
947.
This paper analyzes time discounting as a function of risk, using reservation prices. Based on experimental data, we compare
bidder reservation prices for riskless assets with those for risky assets. The experiments rely on a second price auction
with real monetary incentives and real delay in payoffs. We estimate the pure time discount rate for different maturities,
considering riskless assets (bonds) and risky assets (delayed lotteries). An innovation in the experimental design allows
disentangling pure time from pure risk discounting effects. If subjects bid for assets, we find implied discount rates for
risky assets to be uniformly lower than those for riskless assets, across all maturities (the risk moderation effect). However,
there is no risk moderation effect if subjects quote ask prices. We argue that delaying a payoff has a stronger effect on
the price of bonds than on the price of risky assets since, in the case of bonds, the investor moves from a position of certainty
to a position of risk, or uncertainty. Our findings on the risk moderation effect may be used to explain the attractiveness
of compensation contracts with options, as commonly used in the financial industry. 相似文献
948.
Marc Chesney 《Journal of Banking & Finance》2011,35(2):253-267
The main focus of this paper is to study empirically the impact of terrorism on the behavior of stock, bond and commodity markets. We consider terrorist events that took place in 25 countries over an 11-year time period and implement our analysis using different methods: an event-study approach, a non-parametric methodology, and a filtered GARCH-EVT approach. In addition, we compare the effect of terrorist attacks on financial markets with the impact of other extreme events such as financial crashes and natural catastrophes. The results of our analysis show that a non-parametric approach is the most appropriate method among the three for analyzing the impact of terrorism on financial markets. We demonstrate the robustness of this method when interest rates, equity market integration, spillover and contemporaneous effects are controlled. We show how the results of this approach can be used for investors’ portfolio diversification strategies against terrorism risk. 相似文献
949.
Using an analytically tractable two-period model of a financially constrained firm, we derive an investment threshold that is U-shaped in cash holdings. We show analytically the relevant trade-offs leading to the U-shape: the firm balances financing costs for present and future investment, respectively. Our main argument is that financing costs today are more important than the risk of future financing costs. The empirically testable implications are that low-cash firms facing financing costs today are more reluctant to invest if they have less cash, or if their future cash flows are more risky. On the other hand, cash-rich firms facing no financing costs today invest in less favorable projects (i.e., forgo their real option to wait) if they have less cash, or if their future cash flows are more risky. The magnitude of these effects is amplified by the degree of market frictions that the firms are facing. 相似文献
950.
In this paper we evaluate how various investment decisions explain the macroeconomic dynamics of European transition countries. We introduce quality investment decisions into a model with other two standard investment margins assumed in the advanced trade literature, i.e., investment in new varieties and in export eligibility. We show that the standard investment margins are not sufficient to simultaneously match the dynamics in the macroeconomic variables, especially the export performance and the real exchange rate. In contrast, the extended model with quality investment provides reconciliation. 相似文献