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221.
We experimentally investigate whether individuals can reliably detect cooperators (the nice(r) people) in an anonymous decision
environment involving “connected games.” Participants can condition their choices in an asymmetric prisoners’ dilemma and
a trust game on past individual (their partner’s donation share to a self-selected charity) and social (whether their partner
belongs to a group with high or low average donations) information. Thus, the two measures of niceness are the individual
donation share in the donation task, and the cooperativeness of one’s choice in the two games. We find that high donors achieve
a higher-than-average expected payoff by cooperating predominantly with other high donors. Group affiliation proved to be
irrelevant.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .
JEL Classification C91, C72, D3 相似文献
222.
We analyse a disregarded environmental policy instrument: a switch in government expenditure away from energy (or other natural
resources) and toward a composite good which includes energy-saving expenditure. We first develop two variants of an analytical
general equilibrium model. A composite good is produced with constant returns to scale, and energy is imported or produced
domestically with diminishing returns, yielding a differential rent to its owners. The government purchases energy and composite
goods from private firms. Such a policy unambiguously increases employment. It also raises private consumption and welfare
under two conditions: (i) it is not too costly and (ii) the initial share of the resource is smaller in public spending than
in private consumption, or the difference is small enough. We then run numerically a model featuring both importation and
domestic production of energy (oil, gas and electricity), for the OECD as a whole. Simulations show that employment, welfare
and private consumption rise. We provide magnitudes for different parameter values.
Earlier versions of this paper have benefited from conference participants at the European Council for an Energy-Efficient
Economy, International Society for Ecological Economics World Congress, CIRED seminar and EUREQua environmental economics
seminar. We especially thank Michèle Sadoun and two anonymous referees. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
223.
Manfen W. Chen Rohan Christie-David William T. Moore 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2007,31(3):289-312
We hypothesize that the firm’s regulatory environment influences the sensitivity of its equity value to information. Using
intraday stock price data of utilities operating in differing regulatory environments we test for systematic differences between
the responsiveness of stock prices of utility firms operating in deregulated and regulated environments to a common information
set. Our findings reveal sharp differences in responses, with those of utilities operating in deregulated environments the
strongest, and the responses of utilities in highly regulated environments the weakest. While the evidence supports our hypothesis,
in a broader sense, the evidence suggests that deregulation aids in the process of price discovery. We also find evidence
that suggests that deregulation, per se, does not lead to higher stock price volatility.
相似文献
224.
Synopsis We describe the first effort at creating a global ex-vessel fish price database, which is required for understanding the economic
behavior of participants in the world’s fisheries. We demonstrate potential applications of the database by linking it to
a spatially defined catch database, which makes it possible to attach landed values to species in both time and space. This
is the first database available publicly where interested members of the public, researchers and managers can easily find
and access ex-vessel prices of the world’s major commercial fish species. Preliminary results indicate that the average real
price of a number of species have declined between 1950 and 2002. The estimated landed value of fish globally, in year 2000
dollars, was about US$24 billion in 1950. It increased steadily to about US$90 billion in the early 1970s, reached a peak
of US$100 billion at the end of the 1980s, and declined to about US$80 billion in 2000. The top 15 fishing countries cumulatively
account for 79% of total real landed value, with Japan leading, even though the value of its landings has been declining.
相似文献
225.
David Pearce 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,37(1):313-333
This paper addresses from an economic perspective the issue of global biodiversity conservation. It challenges the perception
that the world really cares a great deal about biodiversity and is prepared to pay the full cost of maintaining this stock
of natural capital. Despite the existence of a plethora of international agreements there still seems to be a global ‘deficit
of care’ surrounding efforts to combat challenges such as those posed by global warming and biodiversity conservation. More
light can be thrown on the degree of care by measuring both the actual expenditures and the stated willingness to pay for
biodiversity conservation. However, actual expenditures are much lower than willingness to pay estimates recorded in the published
literature. Using the criteria that the ‘right’ amount of conservation effort is one where the marginal economic benefits
from conservation just equal the marginal costs of conservation, the paper explores the biodiversity conservation conundrum
and concluded that, on the available evidence, the world does not care too much about this natural capital stock and bequests
to future generations.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
226.
Kyu Sang Lee 《Experimental Economics》2005,8(2):171
This dissertation aims at elucidating the history of Vernon Smith’s experimental economics by focusing its attention upon the three themes of rationality, minds and machines that assumed significance at different (albeit overlapping) stages of the development of Smith’s experimental economics with the help of his published and unpublished papers.Chapter 1 is devoted to the scrutiny of the form of rationality incorporated into the portions of Smith’s laboratory experiments whose results have usually been taken as corroborations of his “Hayek Hypothesis.” By bringing into the foreground Smith’s definite position on demand theory and its concrete instantiations on many different occasions, we make the case that Smith has consistently imposed by means of the induced value theory certain narrowly defined preference structures that have definite implications for the form of rationality instantiated in the laboratory.The main narrative in Chapter 2 concerns Smith’s intellectual interchanges with behavioral scientists in the early 1960s, more specifically, his reactions to behavioral scientists’ attempts at cognitive modeling. We present several reasons for interpreting Smith’s initiation of the attempt at the maximization-based induced value theory as an endeavor to discipline subjects’ minds. We also provide in Chapter 2 a portrayal of Smith’s missed opportunities to get involved in the large-scale laboratory experimentation projects pursued in the 1950s in close connection with several branches of psychology.Chapter 3 consists of two parts. In Part 1, we describe the origin of mechanism design economics, and offer a detailed explanation of the analytical kinship between Smith’s “microeconomic system theory” and the standard conceptual framework utilized in mechanism design economics. Part 2 is devoted to describing the roles played by the computer in both Smith’s empirical research agenda and the theoretical, mechanism design research pursued by Stanley Reiter (one of Smith’s intellectual companions since the 1950s). Our historical narrative in Chapter 3 is intended to clarify that computer experience and computational theory drove the development of Reiter’ version of mechanism design economics, and that they also (partially) shaped some crucial events in the history of Smith’s version of experimental economics.JEL Classification: B21, B31, C90, C92, D02Prof. Philip E. Mirowski: Advisor 相似文献
227.
228.
Passage of an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) overhaul bill in 1998 reflects the depth of American taxpayer frustration with the agency. We bring a constitutional, or rules of the game, perspective to tax enforcement. We examine political costs and benefits and agency discretion as reasons why tax enforcement by the government might deviate from the preferences of a representative citizen. We also examine prospects for reform. Lasting reform must alter the rules for deciding tax enforcement policy or the political pressures which yield excessive enforcement today will reemerge in the future. 相似文献
229.
Abstract. This paper contributes to the growing literature that analyses the Spanish publishing performance in Economics throughout
the 1990s. Several bibliometric indicators are used in order to provide Spanish rankings (of both institutions and individual
authors) based on Econlit journals. Further, lists of the ten most influential authors and articles over that period, in terms of citations, are reported.
We are grateful to many colleagues who made very useful remarks to preliminary versions of this paper, as well as to two anonymous
referees. We are particularly indebted to Xavier Sala-i-Martín, without whose invaluable help this work would not have been
possible. All errors or omissions are of our exclusive responsibility. 相似文献
230.
John Baffoe-Bonnie 《Empirical Economics》2003,28(3):461-478
Recent application of the switching regression model to allocate workers into the primary and secondary labor markets is
considered to be the best solution to the classification problem of the empirical testing of the dual labor market theory.
In such models, normality of the error terms is assumed. This paper adopts the switching regression model to test the dual
labor market theory by assuming different distributions of the error terms. The test results strongly support the dual labor
market theory regardless of the assumption one makes about the error terms. However, the results indicate that different distribution
can lead to different percentage distributions of workers in the two segments. In particular, the normal distribution generates
more workers in the primary segment than the non-normal distributions. Therefore, care must be taken not to generalize the
type of industries or occupations that fall under the primary and secondary segments.
First version received: October 2000/Final version received: March 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" I would like to thank Kevin Lang, Robert Marshall, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. I am grateful
for comments received from the session participants of the Western Economic Association International Conference, San Francisco,
CA, June 28–July 2, 1996, and the Midwest Economic Association Conference, Kansas City, 1997. I thank George Bonney, the Chief
Statistician of Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia for his comments. Any remaining errors are my responsibility. I gratefully
acknowledge financial support from Penn State Research and Development Grant, 1995. 相似文献