多菌种混合发酵制备活菌型荸荠汁的关键技术

以荸荠为原料,利用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌混合菌种对荸荠汁进行乳酸菌发酵,制备活菌型荸荠汁饮料。通过单因素实验和正交实验对荸荠护色、糖化、发酵工艺和配方进行了优化。研究表明:荸荠漂烫最佳工艺为时间80 s、温度70℃、柠檬酸浓度0.5%;荸荠糖化最佳工艺为时间80 min、温度70℃、酶量30 U/m L、pH7;荸荠发酵最佳工艺为时间30 h、温度42℃、接种量5%、乳清粉添加量6%;配方为每100 g荸荠汁乳酸菌发酵液添加8 g白砂糖、0.5 g柠檬酸钠、0.02 g黄原胶。     

Indirect Taxes in Oligopoly in Presence of Licensing Opportunities

This paper considers the relative efficiency of unit tax and ad valorem tax in a Cournot duopoly market in the presence of licensing opportunities after the announcement of the tax rates by the government. In case of fixed-fee licensing, if the unit cost difference of the firms is low and tax revenue of the government is high, then unit tax is more efficient than the ad valorem tax. If tax revenue of the government is low, then ad valorem tax is more efficient than unit tax. Ad valorem tax is more efficient than unit tax in the case of royalty licensing.     

地下室抗浮设计时柱下独立基础的抗冲切设计分析

独立基础加构造底板这种基础形式具有形式简单、受力明确、工程造价低等诸多优点,当地下室深度范围内存在有水位高于构造底板底面的地下水时,独立基础底板在不同情况的地下水浮力作用下,呈现出不同的受力状态。本文定性的分析了地下水位高于构造底板底面时,构造底板及独立基础的受力特性,为地下水位高度大于临界水位(h'w>hwcr)时,独立基础的抗冲切验算提供了力学分析的理论依据。     

Termination Clauses in Long-Term Contracts

Many long-term contracts incorporate a termination clause. This paper argues that when agents have hidden information, such a clause has a beneficial incentive effect—it enables a principal to screen agents' private information at a lower cost. In a two-period model, this paper characterizes the optimal long-term contract with a termination clause, which specifies that the principal will switch agents in the second period when the first-period cost is high. The analysis delineates how the optimality of this clause depends on the intertemporal cost correlation structure, on the limits to agents' liability, and on the principal's degree of commitment.     

Analysts' Forecasts: Low-Balling,Market Efficiency,and Insider Trading

The phenomenon of low-balling reported in the financial press involves downward biased projections of earnings by managers or analysts, thereby artificially lowering market expectations and creating a positive earnings surprise when actual earnings are announced. This study reports that the stock market does respond to such surprises relative to analysts' reported forecasts. Further, the proportion of insider buy-transactions in the period prior to the earnings forecast is significantly higher for the sample with high positive earnings surprise than for the control sample with zero forecast errors. The study cannot distinguish whether managers or analysts are the source of the low-balling and therefore makes no statement on the legality of such insider trades.     

Testing of the rational expectations and structural neutrality hypotheses

In this paper we examine the tests of the new classical rational expectations and structural neutrality hypotheses undertaken by Leiderman (1980) using a model of money growth and unemployment for the United States developed by Barro (1977). Employing the data used in the studies by Barro and Leiderman we are able to construct an alternative model of money growth and unemployment against which the Barro-Leiderman model is rejected along with the joint hypothesis of rational expectations and structural neutrality.     

《说文解字》含“皃”字释义语研究

《说文解字》的体例通常包括解释字义和分析字形,其中解释字义的部分称为释义语。通过分析研究,我们发现在《说文解字》中存在着包含＂皃＂字的这一类特殊的释义语。含＂皃＂字释义语在分布的部首方面具有规律性,其语法结构分类具有多样性,同时在与含＂也＂字释义语的比较中,体现出了自身的特殊性。