对传统财政支出原则的辨证认识

传统的财政支出原则带有明显的计划体制的烙印,但是作为财政支出原则,它毕竟反映了财政支出实践活动所必须遵循的共同规律的要求.在公共财政模式下,传统的财政支出原则以新的实现形式仍然可以对财政支出分配发挥指导作用.     

Reassessing Conditional Cash Transfer Programs

During the past decade, the use of conditional cash transferprograms to increase investment in human capital has generatedconsiderable excitement in both research and policy forums.This article surveys the existing literature, which suggeststhat most conditional cash transfer programs are used for essentiallyone of two purposes: restoring efficiency when externalitiesexist or improving equity by targeting resources to poor households.The programs often meet their stated objectives, but in someinstances there is tension between the efficiency and equityobjectives. The overall impact of a program depends on the gainsand losses associated with each objective.      

中国节水农业成效、形势机遇与展望

目的 我国是世界上水资源缺乏的国家之一，发展节水农业在保障国家粮食安全和农业绿色高质量发展大局中具有重要战略地位。全面总结“十三五”节水农业发展成效与经验，认真分析节水农业的现状、形势和任务，加快“十四五”期间节水农业发展，推进节水增粮、节水增效，具有十分重要的意义。方法 文章对我国近10年来的水资源、农业用水、灌溉用水、旱作农业生产和用水效率进行系统总结和数据分析。结果 “十三五”期间，我国节水农业发展取得显著成效，农业用水总量及其占全国用水总量的比例“双下降”，农业用水效率和效益“双提升”，切实提高农业用水效率，为保障粮食和食物安全做出重要贡献。结论 中国农业生产面临着干旱缺水的长期威胁，大力发展节水农业，解决好农业用水问题，是保证我国粮食和食物安全、转变农业发展模式并促进绿色高质量发展的需要，也是实现农业现代化和生态文明的根本路径。     

博弈论和委托代理理论视角下的反洗钱监管研究

本文从反洗钱监管机构和金融机构的博弈分析入手,研究监管的最优化问题。分析得出监管机构必须对金融机构进行反洗钱约束,否则金融机构就会违规获益;最优事后监管并不能杜绝违规行为,而只是将违规行为控制在一定的范围;有效反洗钱监管需要额外成本等结论。在此基础上,本文提出实现我国反洗钱最优监管的政策建议。     

工程项目集成化管理系统演化机理研究

在分析工程项目集成化管理绩效瓶颈的基础上,利用管理熵定律和管理耗散结构理论研究了工程项目集成化管理系统的演化机理,建立了工程项目集成化管理系统的结构耗散模型并给出了其形成的条件,分析了工程项目集成化管理系统的耗散途径,构筑了工程项目集成化管理系统的耗散动力系统。研究结果表明:工程项目集成化管理系统存在着管理熵增定律,且具备管理耗散结构特征;工程项目集成化管理系统正是在管理熵增定律与管理耗散结构理论这两个基本规律的作用下发展与演化的,其功能倍增、利益涌现的集成化管理绩效取决于管理熵增定律和管理耗散结构在系统发展过程中的力量对比。     

关于财政职能问题的再思考——兼与杨灿明教授商榷

财政职能是财政职责和财政功能的统一，是抽象财政功能的具体职责体现。研究财政职能应从分析财政功能入手，然后结合财政所处的客观经济环境，探求实现财政功能和职责统一的表现形式。无论传统的分配职能还是杨灿明教授提出的保障职能实际都是指的财政功能。它们具体的职责体现都可以概括为满足国家实现其职能的需要，在市场经济条件下则体现为弥补市场失效，提供公共产品，满足公共需要。     

Public action and the quality of life in developing countries

An attempt is made to identify the developing countries that have performed better than others in terms of the indicators of the so called "quality of life," relating this progress to the nature of these economies and to the public policies followed in these countries. A table presents data on life expectation at birth and adult literacy rates for 100 countries that had a gross national product per head of less than $3000 in 1977. The data have some comparability, and it is reasonable to use them for a rough international comparison of performance. 38 countries have shown distinction in 1 or both of the fields. There are 10 communist countries in the total list of 100, and 9 of them show some distinction. 8 of the 9 do this despite not having literacy figures reported. The entry is longevity, which is arguably a more basic indicator of success than poverty. Many of the communist countries are wealthier than the mean or median developing country. Although the indices are relative ones, the richer countries have typically done better, on the whole. The longevity performance of the communist countries is typically superior. This applies to the poorer group also. Some of the high growth early capitalist countries also have very good performance in terms of the chosen indicators (e.g., Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore). Taiwan and Hong Kong have the best overall performance record in terms of the 2 criteria for those 61 countries for which both sets of data are available. The countries that appear to have done relatively worse in terms of the indicators are those in the "middle," i.e., neither communist nor successfully capitalist. There are some exceptions. Tanzania appears to have been relatively successful in terms of the removal of illiteracy, and Sri Lanka has been successful in raising life expectancy. In examining the excellent performance of the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, the lesson to be learned from their experience is the great importance of employment expansion in poverty removal. The experiences of Sri Lanka and Tanzania are recounted to illustrate the positive role of state action. Like Sri Lanka's program of social welfare, Tanzania's literacy program shows how much can be achieved by a determined effort, sensibly directed toward specific goals. Poverty removal and related features, including longevity enhancement, is ultimately dependent on a wide distribution of effective entitlements. This, for any given level of per capita income--would tend to be reflected in the low level of inequality in the distribution of income.     

Famines

This is a text of the first Annual Lecture of the Development Studies Association. It investigates a variety of issues that arise in famine analysis, covering identification, causation and prevention. The rejection of the food availability approach is combined with exploration of the ‘entitlement approach’ presented by the author in an earlier contribution in the Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 1 (1977). Four recent famines as well as some famous historical ones are examined in the light of the entitlement approach. Aside from throwing light on the causes and cures of famines, the entitlement approach also permits us to distinguish between various types of famines all of which share the feature of a common predicament of a mass of people but which do not share the same causal mechanism, nor invite the same response. Famine analysis, it is shown, requires more structure than the traditional approaches are able to provide.     

风险条件下商业银行高管的激励机制

商业银行高管与股东之间存在着委托-代理关系。由于信息不对称,银行高管和股东对于风险水平的估计存在差异,而风险估计直接影响着银行高管的努力水平和激励水平。本文基于双方的风险估计,构建了风险条件下银行高管的委托-代理模型。并依据模型的结果,对风险条件下银行高管的薪酬激励机制进行分析,并提出了优化商业银行高管激励机制的措施。