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141.
We provide empirical evidence that multimarket contact facilitates tacit collusion among airlines using a flexible model of oligopolistic behavior, where conduct parameters are modelled as functions of multimarket contact. We find (i) carriers with little multimarket contact do not cooperate in setting fares, whereas carriers serving many markets simultaneously sustain almost perfect coordination; (ii) cross‐price elasticities play a crucial role in determining the impact of multimarket contact on equilibrium fares; (iii) marginal changes in multimarket contact matter only at low or moderate levels of contact; (iv) assuming firms behave as Bertrand‐Nash competitors leads to biased estimates of marginal costs. 相似文献
142.
Jonathan M Kaunda 《Development Southern Africa》1999,16(2):259-275
The Botswana Development Corporation, Botswana's most important agency for industrial and commercial development, assists in the development of viable businesses, with the emphasis on profit‐making and earning acceptable returns on investment. Its policy is to divest from mature and successful ventures, ‐with the aim of raising capital for future investment, encouraging diversification and competition, and promoting citizen participation in private business ventures. The article considers the implementation of the policy with regard to two brewery companies. Its assessment is that the brewery divestments have had a positive but limited effect on economic participation by citizens and it concludes by suggesting policy and strategy reforms that would ensure sustainable private sector development. 相似文献
143.
Jonathan Morris Paul Blyton Nick Bacon Hans Werner Franz 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2013,24(2):307-329
This paper outlines and analyses the major changes in work-force organization that have been introduced by British and German steel producers in the past decade, against a backcloth of retrenchment in the industry, new product development and technological change. Including multiskilling, a reduction in demarcation and team–working, these changes have had a major effect upon the composition of the work–force and the nature of work undertaken at the shopfloor level. While these changes have had a common broad trajectory, they have been introduced at a different pace and in different forms. The contrasts are provided not only at the international level, but between plants in the same countries. The paper further outlines the response of trade unions to these changes and the implications for industrial relations at the shopfloor level. 相似文献
144.
Jonathan Barry Forman J.D. Patricia L. Scahill F.S.A. J.D. 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(3):75-84
Abstract U.S. society is aging. The nature of work has changed from work that requires physical strength to work based on knowledge. As a result, workers are beginning to phase into retirement rather than going directly from full-time work to full retirement. From a retirement income perspective, many final-average-pay defined benefit plans have features that make phased retirement difficult at best and detrimental at worst. U.S. pension law and regulations present barriers to phased retirement if the phased retiree wants to receive a portion of available pension benefits during phased retirement. This paper examines private sector options to encourage phased retirement and to eliminate the disincentives that currently affect defined benefit plans. It offers alternative calculations of final average pay that do not penalize the part-time worker. It also demonstrates that the plan’s early retirement reduction and late retirement increase can be set to maintain actuarial equity throughout phased retirement. The paper presents benefit calculations with equal actuarial values for various payout patterns. The paper discusses the coordination between phased retirement and subsidized early retirement. Finally, the paper notes some of the changes in ERISA that will be needed to facilitate phased retirement in defined benefit plans, especially for participants who want to receive pension distributions while working part time. 相似文献
145.
Jonathan D. Oldfield 《Post - Communist Economies》2013,25(1):77-90
Many of Russia's contemporary environmental problems can be related, at least in part, to the activities of the Soviet period. However, the strength of this relationship can sometimes result in the environmental influences of post-Soviet society being ignored or understated. In recognition of this fact, this article examines the relationship between structural economic change and the natural environment in the post-Soviet period. The first part of the article is concerned with general economic trends and associated environmental consequences during the period 1990 to 1997. It then moves on to consider the environmental repercussions of structural changes within the country's industrial and agricultural sectors. 相似文献
146.
Margo Bergman G. Dirk Mateer Michael Reksulak Jonathan C. Rork Rick K. Wilson David Zirkle 《The Journal of economic education》2013,44(4):405-421
The authors detail an urban economics experiment that is easily run in the classroom. The experiment has a flexible design that allows the instructor to explore how congestion, zoning, public transportation, and taxation levels determine the bid–rent function. Heterogeneous agents in the experiment compete for land use using a simple auction mechanism. Using the data that is collected, a bid–rent function is derived, and the experimental treatment is altered over the course of three sessions to uncover core concepts in urban economics. Moreover, this provides a tangible experience that can be used to help undergraduates relate to urban issues such as the steep rent gradient found around many larger colleges and universities. 相似文献
147.
148.
Jonathan A. Wiley Brandon N. Cline Xudong Fu Tian Tang 《Journal of Financial Services Research》2012,41(3):103-120
This study provides evidence that the outcome for shareholders resulting from asset sales is determined at the time of transaction
by the value for the asset sold. Assets sold above market value are followed by positive and significant abnormal returns
over the following three months; these returns are magnified in firms where the balance of power in corporate governance favors
shareholders. Abnormal returns following undervalued asset sales are insignificant from zero, indicating value-preservation.
Value-preservation when the assets are sold below market value becomes less likely as firms approach financial constraints.
The reverse is true when assets are sold above market value. This evidence is documented for apartment REITs, which have a
large number of comparable transactions available for estimating expected market values. 相似文献
149.
This paper studies the microeconomic impacts of the political crisis and civil conflict that immediately followed the December 2007 presidential election in Kenya. Income, expenditures, and consumption dramatically declined for a broad segment of the rural population for the duration of the conflict. To make up for the income shortfall, women who supply transactional sex engaged in higher risk sex both during and after the crisis. While this particular crisis was likely too short for these behavioral responses to seriously increase the risk of HIV or other STIs for these women, such responses could have long-term repercussions for health in countries with longer or more frequent crises. Overall, our results suggest that social unrest can be an important channel through which political instability can affect long-term outcomes such as health. 相似文献
150.
Growth Regressions and What the Textbooks Don't Tell You 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Jonathan Temple 《Bulletin of economic research》2000,52(3):181-205
The paper discusses three econometric problems that are rarely given adequate discussion in textbooks: model uncertainty, parameter heterogeneity, and outliers. Leamer's extreme bounds analysis can be adapted to address all three problems simultaneously. Two examples are presented based on an influential cross-country growth paper by Levine and Renelt ( American Economic Review , vol. 82, 1992, pp. 942-63). 相似文献