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201.
Loureiro Maria L.; Gracia Azucena; Nayga Rodolfo M. Jr. 《European Review of Agricultural Economics》2006,33(2):249-268
The European Union is contemplating making the provision ofnutritional labels in food products mandatory. Using data collectedfrom food shoppers, we assessed consumers' valuation of nutritionallabels by analysing their willingness to pay a premium for abox of cookies with a nutritional label. On average, the meanwillingness to pay (WTP) for a box of cookies with a nutritionallabel is estimated to be about 11 per cent above the price ofthe box of cookies without a nutritional label. Consistent withprior expectations, our results also indicate a difference betweenthe WTP of individuals suffering from diet-related health problems(estimated mean 13 per cent) and those who do not suffer anydiet-related health problems (estimated mean 9 per cent). 相似文献
202.
Thomas M. Fullerton Jr. Roberto Tinajero Martha Patricia Barraza de Anda 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2006,34(4):467-479
Water utility planning efforts are becoming increasingly difficult throughout the world. Located in a semi-arid region, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico is a fast growing municipality that faces both physical infrastructure and water supply constraints. This paper examines monthly water consumption in Ciudad Juárez utilizing a linear transfer function procedure (LTF). Analysis is carried out for per customer usage and for the total number of municipal water system accounts. Models estimated for both series are subjected to a series of simulation benchmark tests. Findings suggest that water consumption in Ciudad Juárez reacts quickly to changes in economic and weather conditions. Out-of-sample simulation results are mixed. Per customer usage forecasts do not fare as well those for total customers relative to random walk benchmarks.Financial support for this research was provided by Southwest Center for Environmental Research Policy Grant W-04-03. Additional financial support was provided by El Paso Electric Company, Wells Fargo Bank of El Paso, and National Science Foundation Grant SES-0332001. Helpful comments and suggestions were provided by Cely Ronquillo, Brian Kelley, and Cesar Olivas. Econometric research assistance was provided by Marycruz De Leon and Irma Torres. 相似文献
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E. C. Pasour Jr. 《The Review of Austrian Economics》1989,3(1):95-107
The author thanks D.S. Ball, C.P. Jones, M.L. Walden, Murray Rothbard, J.W. Wilson, and several anonymousReview of Austrian Economics reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
206.
Miles O. Bidwell Jr. Bruce X. Wang J. Douglas Zona 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》1995,8(3):285-298
Asymmetric demand responses to price changes are not an observable implication of classical demand theory, which predicts that consumers will react to a small price increase in much the same way as they do to a small price decrease. Yet applied researchers have long speculated that consumers are more sensitive to price increases than they are to price decreases. In addition, recent empirical studies generally support the theory of asymmetric demand responses. We construct a dynamic model based on data gathered from monthly telephone bills for 128 New York Telephone customers over a five-year period. Our results support the conclusion that customers react more quickly and strongly when prices go up than they do when prices go down.We would like to thank Manny Haas and Bernie Reddy for their comments and suggestions. 相似文献
207.
In this study we examine the effect of firms' marginal tax rates on incremental and overall reliance on mandatorily redeemable preferred stock (MRPS). Similarities in the cash flows associated with debt and MRPS, as well as similarities in the claims of holders of debt and MRPS on the assets of issuing firms, suggest that MRPS may be viewed as a substitute for debt. However, important differences in the tax treatment of MRPS and debt suggest that firms that cannot make full use of interest tax shields may be able to finance more efficiently using MRPS instead of debt. The results indicate that, both incrementally and overall, firms with low marginal tax rates rely more heavily on MRPS than debt relative to firms with high tax rates. This finding is consistent with the proposition that firms that cannot make full use of interest tax shields finance incrementally using equity rather than debt. 相似文献
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The Plenipotentiary Conference is the supreme organ of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Since the Nairobi Plenipotentiary in 1982, there has been much debate about the role of the Plenipotentiary and even the future of the ITU in the continuing telecommunications revolution. This article explores the major attributes of the Plenipotentiary by comparing the Nairobi Conference with the five post-second world war Plenipotentiaries that preceded it. Criticisms are evaluated and suggestions for improvement are made. 相似文献
210.
Relatively high estimates of the welfare cost of monopoly power in U.S. manufacturing industries have been obtained by economists who use the Lerner equation to estimate this welfare cost from profit data. These Lerner equation loss estimates are appropriate for a monopoly with constant costs and linear demand. But if the industry is an oligopoly in a Nash-Cournot equilibrium, the Lerner equation loss estimates can be more than twice as large as the actual welfare gain that would result from the elimination of monopoly power. Partial and general equilibrium examples are presented to illustrate the nature of these estimation errors. 相似文献