A Fuzzy clustering approach to the key sectors of the Spanish economy

The search for key sectors in an economy has been and still is one of the more recurrent themes in input–output analysis. When using clustering techniques, sectors can only belong to a group, having a particular performance. But, actually, the same sector could be important from different perspectives at the same time, to a different degree. So, a fuzzy clustering approach is needed. In this work we propose a multidimensional approach to classify the productive sectors of the Spanish input–output table for 1995, based on three groups of variables: those related to their productive integration, others measuring their specific weight in the economy and finally some showing their economic dynamic. We also incorporate into the analysis the technological level, which being a categorical variable presents special methodological problems. All these questions are tackled applying a robust and fuzzy clustering analysis, which gives as a result a classification of sectors illustrating the role that each one plays in the Spanish economy.     

湘西民族地区旅游人力资源开发研究

旅游人力资源的开发是旅游业快速发展的根本动力,做好旅游人力资源的开发对区域经济起飞有着重要意义。本文在分析湘西民族地区旅游业人力资源开发的现状及存在问题的基础上,提出了湘西民族地区旅游人力资源的开发对策。     

税制改革和国有商业银行资本充足率的内源性提升

金融部门被认为是现代市场经济的枢纽和命脉,其效率水平会对整个经济的效率水平产生基础性影响。资本充足率是衡量银行抵御风险能力和稳健性的重要指标,我国国有商业银行资本充足率状况不容乐观。税收作为国家主要政策手段,是金融发展的重要制度因素。文章从税制改革角度,探讨提升国有商业银行资本充足率的问题。     

谈谈消费经济学的走向--为纪念《消费经济》创刊20周年而作

二十年来，在《消费经济》的倡导和支持下，消费经济从无到有，而今已茁壮成长，成为经济学的一个重要分支，令众多学子敬仰。     

传统储运企业向现代物流企业转型的策略研究 --基于资源整合和核心能力

本文分析了国内外物流企业资源整合和核心能力的研究状况,提出了基于资源整合和核心能力是企业成功转型的关键,同时分析了我国传统储运企业向现代物流企业转型的优势与劣势,提出了转型的具体策略。     

Homogeneity tests in meta-analysis: a Monte Carlo comparison of statistical power and Type I error

The statistical power and Type I error rate of several homogeneity tests, usually applied in meta-analysis, are compared using Monte Carlo simulation: (1) The chi-square test applied to standardized mean differences, correlation coefficients, and Fisher's r-to-Z transformations, and (2) S&H-75 (and 90 percent) procedure applied to standardized mean differences and correlation coefficients. Chi-square tests adjusted correctly Type I error rates to the nominal significance level while the S&H procedures showed higher rates; consequently, the S&H procedures presented greater statistical power. In all conditions, the statistical power was very low, particularly when the sample had few studies, small sample sizes, and presented short differences between the parametric effect sizes. Finally, the criteria for selecting homogeneity tests are discussed.     

计算机审计准则体系的重构

与发达国家相比,我国计算机审计准则缺乏操作层次规范,弱化实际应用性,内容时效滞后,内控制度过 于笼统,审计风险评价乏力。重构我国计算机审计准则系统,应本着系统性、完整性、实用性原则,科学规划一般准则 和具体审计指南。在借鉴国外先进经验,制定计算机审计准则时,应保持中国特色,适应中国国情。     

The nature and role of agricultural cooperative societies in Czechoslovakia

This paper considers the evolution of agricultural cooperative societies, the horizontal and vertical cooperation and the principles of self-financing and cooperative democracy. The relationships between ACS and the State are discussed, particularly in terms of price determination. The productivity results of ACS in Czechoslovakia are evaluated. The role of ACS in scientific technical development is discussed with consideration of the interaction between agricultural enterprises, scientific institutions and industry. Finally, the contribution of ACS to the socioeconomic and cultural transformation of rural areas is evaluated.     

Rules of Origin in North–South Preferential Trading Arrangements with an Application to NAFTA

All preferential trading agreements (PTAs) short of a customs union use rules of origin (ROO) to prevent trade deflection. ROO raise production costs and create administrative costs. This paper argues that in the case of the recent wave of North–South PTAs, the presence of ROO virtually limits the market access that these PTAs confer to the Southern partners. In the case of NAFTA, we find average compliance costs around 6% in ad valorem equivalent, undoing the tariff preference (4% on average) for a large number of tariff lines. Administrative costs amount to 47% of the preference margin. These findings are coherent with the view that North–South PTAs could well be viewed like a principal–agent problem in which the Southern partners are just about left on their participation constraint.     

最受欢迎的印度女企业家

印度驻上海领事馆安排了这一次采访，于是我们有机会读到了一个来自印度的女企业家的人生经历和她的人生感悟。[编者按]