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991.
992.
This paper proposes a theory of competitive agglomeration—a new enquiry into the origins of hierarchical structures and governments.
As a motivating example we analyze the Viking age—the roughly 300 year period beginning in 800 AD—from the perspective of
the economics of conflict. The Viking age is interesting because throughout the time period, the scale of conflict increased—small
scale raiding behaviour eventually evolved into large scale clashes between armies. With this observation in mind, we present
a theoretical model describing the incentives both the defending population and the invading population had to agglomerate
into larger groups to better defend against attacks, and engage in attacks, respectively. We tentatively postulate that competitive
agglomeration during the Viking era was a key impetus to state formation in Europe. 相似文献
993.
994.
Mark V. Roehling Patricia V. Roehling Wendy R. Boswell 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2010,22(2):133-145
Existing research suggests that the equity sensitivity construct has both theoretical significance and applied value. This
study investigates the antecedents of equity sensitivity, focusing on the relationships among organizational setting, personal
characteristics (age, sex, work experience), organization tenure, and equity sensitivity. Results based on survey data from
613 individuals employed in ten diverse organizations suggest that organizational setting influences equity sensitivity levels
among employees, Evidence of a significant relationship between age and equity sensitivity is also found. However, the relationship
between organizational tenure and equity sensitivity found in previous studies is not replicated when adequate controls are
included. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
995.
In the recent past, the automotive supply industry has been facing increasing merger activity. This paper examines the short-
and long-term wealth effects of horizontal mergers and acquisitions on acquirers in the automotive supply industry. Based
on a sample of 230 takeover announcements between 1981 and 2007, significant positive announcement returns to acquiring companies
were determined. While these positive short-term returns to acquirers represent an outstanding attribute of this industry
in terms of perceived synergy potential, this study also finds that acquirers are unable to sustain this exceptional position
beyond a short-term horizon. A combination of the Fama-French-3-Factor model in calendar time and the control firm approach
in event time consistently reveals significant value destruction of about 20% over 3years. In addition, the study determines
a significant impact of internationalization, transaction volume, product diversification, and acquirer’s bidding experience
on the long-term post-acquisition performance. 相似文献
996.
Perceived insecurity in the public space: Personal, social and environmental variables. This paper explores perception of insecurity among the users of Barcelona’s public space. It describes the results of a research aimed to determine the key variables for the understanding of subjective insecurity. Structural equation models have been applied for this purpose. Results show low relative indices of causality for environmental variables, whereas those related to space representation, residential satisfaction and urban identity, social support and personal competences offer high predictive potential. It is concluded that insecurity perceptions in the public space are therefore strongly linked to social interaction processes and to the social construction of insecurity. Other results, like the influence of gender or age, are consistent with previous findings. 相似文献
997.
998.
As barriers to globalization have steadily diminished, the number of entrepreneurial and noncommercial expatriates have grown
from a trickle to a torrent. Much of what we know about expatriatism may not apply to this new breed of expatriates. A four-quadrant
typology of expatriates draws attention to important differences in expatriate types. I make use of the notions of comparative
fit and normative fit from self-categorization theory to validate the typology. Examining the experiences of 160 expatriates
demonstrates that the proposed typology represents real differences and is invoked by expatriates in the field. Scholars may
apply this typology to explain inconsistent findings in extant studies and as a guide for the development of new research
questions. 相似文献
999.
Bonne J. H. Zijlstra Marijtje A. J. van Duijn Tom A. B. Snijders 《Statistica Neerlandica》2005,59(1):107-118
With the development of an MCMC algorithm, Bayesian model selection for the p 2 model for directed graphs has become possible. This paper presents an empirical exploration in using approximate Bayes factors for model selection. For a social network of Dutch secondary school pupils from different ethnic backgrounds it is investigated whether pupils report that they receive more emotional support from within their own ethnic group. Approximated Bayes factors seem to work, but considerable margins of error have to be reckoned with. 相似文献
1000.
The existing literature shows that a decrease in the degree of substitutability increases a monopoly’s incentive to bundle. This paper in addition takes into account competition in the second product market and then re-examines how intra-brand and inter-brand product differentiations affect the incentive to bundle. In order to formally examine the above conjectures, this research builds up a two-firm, two-product model in which product 1 (monopoly product) is produced only by the bundling firm and product 2 (competing product) is produced by both firms. The analysis shows that under both Bertrand and Cournot competitions the incentive to bundle does not necessarily increase with the degree of intra-brand differentiation, while it strictly decreases with the degree of inter-brand differentiation. Moreover, under Bertrand competition bundling always decreases consumer surplus, but may increase the competitor’s profit and social surplus. Under Cournot competition bundling always reduces the opponent’s profit and social welfare, but may increase consumer surplus. 相似文献