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41.
For a shopping mall, sales leakage occurs when consumer purchases facilitated by the mall are finalized outside it. These sales include, for example, catalog orders filled at the leased premises in a physical mall; For an Internet mall, they include the ones consumers make on an on-line store’s website after learning about the store from an Internet mall website. While these sales are difficult to track in the physical mall, Internet malls like Yahoo can track them by placing cookies on consumers when they visit the mall. The challenge for a mall owner then is to design an appropriate pricing model which takes sales leakage into account. In fact, Yahoo currently uses an All-Revenue-Share Fee with Yahoo collecting from on-line stores a share of all sales revenue, regardless of whether the purchase was made through the mall or directly from the store’s own URL. We explore this new All-Revenue-Share Fee model, compare it with the commonly used Fixed Fee model and the two-part tariff model, and identify the model with the highest profits for the mall under different conditions. We suggest that although an All-Revenue-Share Fee is appealing for Internet malls due to its ability to capture sales leakage directly, it may cause the stores to refrain from joining the mall in certain circumstances. Thus, in certain situations charging a fixed monthly fee can actually be more profitable for the mall versus the All-Revenue-Share Fee model. We also examine how mall and product category characteristics as well as market expansion affect the optimal pricing strategy. We show that a mall should price discriminate across product categories, not just by charging different amounts of fees, but by using different pricing models. Our research provides many managerial implications on how to price over time. 相似文献
42.
Wilfred Amaldoss Teck-Hua Ho Aradhna Krishna Kay-Yut Chen Preyas Desai Ganesh Iyer Sanjay Jain Noah Lim John Morgan Ryan Oprea Joydeep Srivasatava 《Marketing Letters》2008,19(3-4):417-429
Much of experimental research in marketing has focused on individual choices. Yet in many contexts, the outcomes of one’s choices depend on the choices of others. Furthermore, the results obtained in individual decision making context may not be applicable to these strategic choices. In this paper, we discuss three avenues for further advancing our understanding of strategic choices. First, there is a need to develop theories about how people learn to play strategic games. Second, there is an opportunity to enrich standard economic models of strategic behavior by allowing for different types of bounded rationality and by relaxing assumptions about utility formulation. These new models can help us to more accurately predict strategic choices. Finally, future research can improve marketing practice by designing better mechanisms and validating them using experiments. 相似文献
43.
We used recently available household panel data collected by China's National Bureau of Statistics to examine the effects of natural, human, material, and social capital on income inequality among minority farmers in China's Xinjiang Province between 2011 and 2012. Results obtained from panel quantile regression and correlated random effects’ models show that income inequality and the poverty of ethnic farmers have been decreasing to some extent. Results also indicated that human capital exacerbates income inequality among the minorities, whereas the effect of natural capital on income inequality is not evident. Social and material capital reduce income inequality among ethnic minorities. Results from the decomposition of the Gini coefficient indicate that material and social capital contribute to a substantial majority of the income inequality in the region. 相似文献
44.
Mirza Nawazish Reddy Krishna Hasnaoui Amir Yates Peter 《Journal of quantitative economics》2020,18(1):129-142
Journal of Quantitative Economics - This study investigates the effectiveness of hedging and cross-hedging of fluid milk supplied by New Zealand farmers using derivatives offered by the NZX dairy... 相似文献
45.
Antitrust authorities view the exchange of information among firms regarding costs, prices, or sales as anticompetitive. Such exchanges allow competitors to closely monitor each other, thereby facilitating collusion. But the exchange of aggregate information, perhaps via a third party, is legal. The logic is that collusion is difficult if the identity of a price-cutting firm cannot be ascertained. Here, we examine this logic using Stigler's model of secret price cuts. We first identify circumstances such that when no information exchange is possible, collusion is difficult. We then show that if firms' aggregate sales are made public, nearly perfect collusion is possible. 相似文献
46.
Amitava Krishna Dutt 《International Review of Applied Economics》1996,10(1):127-140
This paper examines the relevance of Keynesian policies—interpreted as those policies implied by Keynes's theoretical analysis of unemployment developed in The General Theory—for a subset of developing economies, which are called semi-industrialized countries. It draws on recent contributions in development economics to argue on theoretical grounds that Keynesian policies are relevant for semi-industrialized countries even when they are constrained by capital shortages, stagnant agricultural sectors, and foreign exchange availability. It then discusses the recent development experience of India to illustrate the empirical relevance of some of these theoretical issues. 相似文献
47.
The structural consumer demand methods used to estimate the parameters of collective household models are typically either very restrictive and easy to implement or very general and difficult to estimate. In this paper, we provide a middle ground. We adapt the very general framework of [Browning, M., Chiappori, P.A., Lewbel, A., 2004. Estimating Consumption Economies of Scale, Adult Equivalence Scales, and Household Bargaining Power, Boston College Working Papers in Economics 588] by adding a simple restriction that recasts the empirical model from a highly nonlinear demand system with price variation to a slightly nonlinear Engel curve system. Our restriction has an interpretation in terms of the behaviour of household scale economies and is testable. Our method identifies the levels of (not just changes in) household resource shares, and a variant of equivalence scales called indifference scales. We apply our methodology to Canadian expenditure data. 相似文献
48.
49.
Pravin Krishna 《Economic Theory》2001,18(3):753-760
Summary. Conventional wisdom holds that product market competition disciplines firms into efficiency of operation. However, in a well
known paper, Martin (1993) has shown that in a linear Cournot setting (with costs determined first and product market competition
taking place in a second stage) the exact opposite obtains – a larger number of firms competing in the market implies lower
firm efficiency. The note clarifies further the links between market structure and efficiency. Specifically, it argues why
(and how) the result derived by Martin (1993) depends upon the assumptions made regarding the structure of demand and nature
of conjectures held by firms as to their rivals' behavior. An illustrative counter-example (with Bertrand behavior and non-linear
demand) in which entry increases efficiency is provided as well.
Received: March 2, 2000; revised version: September 19, 2000 相似文献
50.
Models with subjective state spaces have been extremely useful in capturing novel psychological phenomena that consist of
both a preference for flexibility and for commitment. Interpreting the utility representations of preferences as capturing
these phenomena requires one to use the notion of a sign of a state. For linear preferences, we completely characterise the
sign of a state in terms of its analytic representation as an integral with respect to a signed measure. In models with finitely
many states, a state is either positive or negative, but never both. We show that in models with infinitely many states, a
state can be both positive and negative. Thus, models with finitely many states may not capture all the behavioural features
of an infinite model. Our methods are also useful in constructing utility functionals over menus with desired local properties. 相似文献