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161.
Driving forces of chemical risks for the European biodiversity 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
In the framework of the EU-funded research project ALARM (Assessing LArge-scale environmental Risks with tested Methods), an original method combining the DPSIR (driving forces–pressures–state–impacts–responses) framework and an analysis based on the distinction between the four spheres of sustainability (environmental, economic, social and political) has been developed. This paper presents the application of this method, called “the tetrahedral DPSIR” for the identification and analysis of driving forces of environmental chemicals risks for biodiversity, in Europe. The purpose of this methodology is to help reduce the pressures on biodiversity through modifying the driving forces behind them by offering scientific advice to policy makers. We frame our analysis in the context of the current policy, namely the implementation of REACH (Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of CHemicals). 相似文献
162.
We describe the regulatory regime under which international trucking operated in Western Europe until the mid-1980s, the deregulatory
process that followed, and the effect of this deregulation. We find that deregulation had a large positive effect on the growth
of international trucking. We also find that shippers shifted toward more outsourcing of their trucking needs, but this occurred
to an even greater extent in local and national road transport. We conclude that other factors beside the deregulation of
international trucking affected the organization of the industry at the time. Finally, despite concerns voiced by member countries,
we find no evidence that deregulation disproportionately favored carriers of countries that were initially more (or less)
involved in international trucking, nor that it has favored low-wage countries.
相似文献
163.
This paper assesses whether and how common characteristics of jury members or peer voters affect the outcomes of voting systems.
In particular, we analyze to what extent these common features result in voting bias. We take as a case study the Eurovision
Song Contest for which an extensive amount of historical data is available. In contrast to earlier studies we analyze the
impact of common factors on the bias individually for each country, which is necessary to substantiate the publicly debated
accusations of regional block voting by certain groups of countries. We establish strong evidence for voting bias in the song
contest on the basis of geography, even after correction for culture, language, religion and ethnicity. However, these effects
do generally not correspond to the usual accusations. We believe that our findings extend to all instances where groups of
jury members or peer voters share certain common factors, which may cause voting bias. It is important to identify such structures
explicitly, as it can help avoiding bias in the first place.
The authors are grateful to Marieke van Dijk for excellent research assistance and to Laurens Swinkels, Ieva Pudane, Gijsbert
van Lomwel, Jelena Stefanovic, and Bas van den Heuvel for useful comments. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
164.
Italian industrial structure and financial markets have several distinct features. Italian firms are relatively small, few trade publicly and no corporate bond market exists. The limited types of external funds available to Italian firms makes them prone to financing constraints. We examine a panel containing over 1100 Italian firms. We find that firm size does not appear correlated with the severity of financing constraints. We also find that small firms are frequently mature. Our results suggest that young firms face financing constraints, while mature firms may develop relationships with lenders that lower the costs of external funds. Small, young firms appear to face the tightest financing constraints. Many firms are affiliatedwith pyramidal business groups. We find that affiliation with pyramidal businessgroups appears to reduce the effect of financing constraints. Our results haveimportant implications for government policy to promote small firm growth in Italy. 相似文献
165.
This article introduces the important issue of communicating with small firms about ethical issues. Evidence from two research projects from the U.K. and Spain are used to indicate some of the important issues and how small firms may differ from large firms in this area. The importance of informal mechanisms such as the influence of friends, family and employees are highlighted, and the likely ineffectiveness of formal tools such as Codes and Social and Ethical Standards suggested. Further resarch in the area of small firms and ethics is essential. 相似文献
166.
167.
Consumers’ perception of, and satisfaction with, fruit quality is an important issue for both public policy and commercial reasons. However, because of information problems, consumers cannot easily choose fruits of a quality most likely to satisfy their preferences and health needs. The research reported here employed an experimental auction method to test perceptions of fruit quality by evaluating the willingness to pay (WTP) of consumers for five different varieties of soft citrus under three different information conditions: visual inspection of the fruit before peeling; visual inspection after peeling; and after consumption. Significant differences were found in valuations of the different varieties as consumers gained information. Conclusions are drawn about the value of the methodology and the results themselves, and implications are inferred for policy and for growers and traders. It is argued that product information should be oriented not just towards nutritional education but also towards increasing the pleasure of healthy eating. 相似文献
168.
Alessandro Cigno Giorgia Giovannetti Laura Sabani 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2018,27(3):267-292
Incorporating family decisions in a two-period model of the world economy, we predict that trade liberalization raises the skill premium and reduces child labour in developing countries where the adult labour force is sufficiently well educated to attract production activities from abroad that will increase the demand for skilled relative to unskilled labour. Elsewhere, liberalization will reduce the skill premium, but it will not necessarily raise child labour. Our prediction is not rejected by the data, and it explains why child labour is negatively associated with trade openness in those developing countries where the labour force was relatively well educated when the liberalization took place, but not elsewhere. 相似文献
169.
Laura M. Canevari‐Luzardo Frans Berkhout Mark Pelling 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2020,29(2):432-444
Studies exploring climate change adaptation in the private sector have seldom investigated the effect of business network interactions on climate vulnerability and adaptation outcomes. This paper proposes a novel theoretical framework to explore how business–network dynamics affect risk perceptions and adaptive behaviours in business firms. The framework is empirically grounded in a comparative analysis of business–network dynamics from three agricultural value chains in Jamaica that are vulnerable to climate change impacts. The results illustrate how the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of value chain actors are influenced by business interdependencies and interfirm relationships. We find that the level of formality of business exchanges (contractual or noncontractual), the level of resource interdependency, and the ability to diversify access channels to critical resources can influence the propagation of climate‐related risks and influence actors' exposure and sensitivity to those risks. The study also offers evidence of the role played by bonding and bridging relational ties on adaptive capacity. The framework and findings provide a foundation for a new research agenda exploring a relational view of firm adaptation strategy in response to climate risks. 相似文献
170.
Since Provan and Milward’s article in 1995, a wide variety of conceptualizations and measures of network performance has been proposed. The lack of consensus among scholars generated a confusing landscape. In an attempt to wind a skein into a ball, our paper aims to synthesize the conceptualizations and measures of network performance proposed by the existing literature and explore their statistical and theoretical relationships. Structural equation modelling techniques were used for this purpose. 相似文献