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191.
The main macro‐estimates of unemployment rates in South Africa clearly show both cyclical sensitivity and a secularly rising upward trend, presenting a striking similarity with the United Kingdom and other OECD countries. The rising long‐term trend in the unemployment rate is not confined to Blacks but probably applies to Whites, Coloureds and Asians also. It has been mainly due to a decline in the demand for labour caused by a falling rate of capital accumulation rather than by rising capital‐intensity. The slower rate of capital accumulation stems primarily from forces originating abroad, which have affected the world economy as a whole, though the fluctuating gold price has aggravated our problems. Policy in the spheres of international trade and monetary relations is therefore crucial and there are reasons for concern over current thinking in these areas. 相似文献
192.
Timothy B. Bell Wayne R. Landsman & Douglas A. Shackelford 《Journal of Accounting Research》2001,39(1):35-43
This study analyzes the relation between auditors' perceived business risk and audit fees to determine whether audit firms or their clients bear the expected legal costs of business risk. We predict that hourly audit fees and the number of audit hours are increasing in business risk. Using confidential survey data collected by a large international accounting firm for 422 audits, we find that high business risk increases the number of audit hours, but not the fee per hour. This implies that firms perceive firm-level differences in business risk and obtain compensation through billing additional hours, not by raising the hourly charge. 相似文献
193.
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195.
John M. ClappDeborah BickfordCharles VehornJames Bell 《Regional Science and Urban Economics》1986,16(4)
Our econometric model of growth in state employment includes outlays for 56 Federal programs in the model structure. We found that: (1) there are positive, significant coefficients for most grant and loan guarantee outlays in most industries; (2) outlays do act with a lag of one to three years and possibly longer, (3) disbursements (i.e., cash outlays) are an important explanatory variable which follow obligations (legally binding commitments) with a lag. These findings support our contention that lagged policy handles should be included in the structure of regional econometric models and that disbursements should replace the commonly-used variable, obligations. 相似文献
196.
197.
B. Nicholl I. M. Hosking E. M. Elton Y. Lee J. Bell P. J. Clarkson 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2013,23(4):921-938
This paper starts out with a discussion of the importance of user-centred design, outlining its history and current embodiment in national and international standards and considers its particular relevance in addressing the needs of ageing populations. The paper moves on to examine how the premise of user-centred design has been taken up in education and focuses on the specific example of user-centred approaches as part of the Design and Technology requirement of the English National Curriculum, taught in England’s schools since 1989. The initial stage of the Designing our Tomorrow project presented in this paper was an investigation of the extent to which user-centred design was integrated in current teaching practice. Analysing baseline data collected from teachers and pupils at two state secondary schools the project team found that many of the tasks teachers planned for pupils did not provide opportunities to identify users’ needs when solving design problems. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of the project’s implications for pupils’ learning and understanding of Design and Technology. 相似文献
198.
Geoffrey G. Bell Saiying Deng 《Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l\u0027Administration》2013,30(2):71-85
Existing studies examining how geography affects firm outcomes primarily consider how clusters affect performance. We examine how regional geographic signature—industry clusters, regional economic diversity, region size, and regional innovativeness—affects firm value and systematic and unsystematic risk using a sample of publicly traded American bank holding companies. After controlling for endogeneity of clusters, we find that locating in large and innovative regions enhances firm value, while locating in clusters and diversifying into many regions reduces value. Clusters reduce systematic risk and increase unsystematic risk, while economic diversity and innovativeness increase systematic risk. Thus, geographic locales exert multifaceted influences on value and risk, and we need to consider more than industry clusters and geographic diversification when considering geographic influence. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
199.
T. Parker Ballinger Eric Hudson Leonie Karkoviata Nathaniel T. Wilcox 《Experimental Economics》2011,14(3):349-374
Experiments on saving behavior reveal substantial heterogeneity of behavior and performance. We show that this heterogeneity
is reliable and examine several potential sources of it, including cognitive ability and personality scales. The strongest
predictors of both behavior and performance are two cognitive ability measures. We conclude that complete explanations of
heterogeneity in dynamic decision making require attention to complexity and individual differences in cognitive constraints. 相似文献
200.
The modeling of logistics systems is performed to seek the best possible system configuration to minimize costs or maximize operational performance, in order to meet or exceed customer expectations. Classically, analytic system analysis of this type has been performed using optimization, simulation, or heuristics. However, in the past two decades, a newer class of techniques, metaheuristics, has emerged as a capable method for quickly providing near‐optimal solutions for problems that exact optimization cannot solve. This article outlines recent advances in metaheuristics development, and considers the ability of these advanced techniques to resolve various logistics and supply chain problem types. Specifically, the article discusses the ant colony optimization, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and tabu search metaheuristics. The capabilities of these metaheuristic techniques to examine supply chain risk and disruptions, intermodal operations, customer service trade‐offs, backhaul strategies, and simultaneous facility location and vehicle route problems are proposed. The article concludes by describing how faculty can bring these techniques into the classroom to ensure their students enter the logistics and supply chain field with a current and relevant understanding of the state of the art in supply chain design techniques. 相似文献