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981.
Gary Reich 《Constitutional Political Economy》2007,18(3):177-197
Constitutional assemblies are a common feature of many democratic transitions. However, the goal of coordinating constitutional
choice would seem nearly impossible when assemblies are comprised of highly fragmented and volatile political parties. Building
on Knight’s bargaining model, this article argues that the main challenge to coordination in unstable party systems is the
procedural disequilibrium that results from incomplete information over breakdown payoffs. The likelihood of compromise in
such circumstances is a function of the ideologies that frame constitutional choice and inform coalition-building. Thus, unstable
party systems are not chaotic, although they may be deeply conflict-laden. These issues are illustrated empirically via the
Brazilian Constitution of 1988, which demonstrates the possibilities for a stable constitutional order emerging from a fragmented
and volatile party system.
相似文献
Gary ReichEmail: |
982.
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 requires audit committees of public companies’ boards of directors to install an anonymous
reporting channel to assist in deterring and detecting accounting fraud and control weaknesses. While it is generally accepted
that the availability of such a reporting channel may reduce the reporting cost of the observer of a questionable act, there
is concern that the addition of such a channel may decrease the overall effectiveness compared to a system employing only
non-anonymous reporting options. The rationale underlying this concern involves the would-be reporter’s likelihood of reporting,
the seriousness with which the organization treats an anonymous report, and the organization’s ability to thoroughly follow-up
the report. Thus, we explore the extent to which the availability of an anonymous reporting channel influences intended use
of non-anonymous reporting channels. Further, in response to Sarbanes–Oxley and the environment of financial scandals that
led to its passage, many firms are strengthening their internal audit departments, and providing them with greater independence
from upper management’s direct control. Accordingly, our examination tests whether the intended use of the internal audit
department as an internal reporting channel is greater when the internal audit department is of “high” versus “low” quality.
Finally, the study investigates intended reporting behavior across three different cases (e.g., settings).
Results show that the existence of an anonymous channel does reduce the likelihood of reporting to non-anonymous channels,
that generally the internal audit department quality does not affect reporting to non-anonymous channels, and that case-setting
affects the type of channel to be used. Implications from the study are discussed. 相似文献
983.
The doubts and criticisms with regard to the fiscal discipline imposed by the Stability and
Growth Pact (SGP) have been many and varied, and the SGP was revised as a result.
The following paper evaluates the changes contained in the "new" SGP by considering
the properties for ideal fiscal rules put forward by Kopits and Symansky. The analysis
points towards a clear increase in flexibility together with the probable emergence of
new enforcement problems. In this context, the need for new improvements within the
European framework for the definition and implementation of national fiscal policies is
discussed. 相似文献
984.
Increasingly through the 1990s, tobacco control advocates questioned the practice of public institutions investing in tobacco company stocks. The questioning was framed in at least three ways. First, is it ethical to fund public expenditures with profits from a product that causes addiction and disease? Second, is it sound social policy to derive public income from a product that increases healthcare costs and reduces worker productivity? Finally, is it sound fiscal policy to invest in an historically profitable industry facing multiplying legal and regulatory challenges? While the tobacco industry preferred to restrict discussion to the fiscal question, and offered an affirmative answer, its position was weakened by depressed stock prices brought on by actions of the industry as much as by tobacco control activism. As part of a campaign to restore its credibility as an investment vehicle with public fund managers, Philip Morris (PM) commissioned a report from the influential investment managers/advisors Wilshire Associates. However, Wilshire had only recently conducted such a study for the Washington State Investment Board (WSIB), assuring the board that the value tobacco stocks added to an investment portfolio – if any – was too small to be measured. Nonetheless, within a year, Wilshire produced a report for PM which appeared to laud the investment value of tobacco and to dismiss tobacco-excluded investment alternatives. This paper examines how Wilshire produced apparently diametrically opposed reports for clients with different interests. It reveals a pattern of potential conflicts of interest among tobacco companies, financial analysis firms, investment authorities, and institutional fund managers. It demonstrates substantial violations of two generally accepted ethical principles of business consulting: veracity and transparency. 相似文献
985.
This article presents the process of creation and expansion of the Fundação Abrinq pelos Direitos da Criança et do Adolescente (Abrinq Foundation for Rights of Children and Adolescents). Established in 1990 by a group of entrepreneurs from the Brazilian Toy Manufacturers’ Association (ABRINQ), the Fundação Abrinq has been successful at raising the issue of children in Brazilian society by bridging business and several other sectors of society. This article more particularly examines (1) the societal challenges related to the situation of children in Brazil; (2) the creation and development of the Abrinq Foundation; and (3) the achievements of this innovative bridging organization over 15 years. 相似文献
986.
In their seminal paper, Morris and Shin (Amer Econ Rev 92(5): 1521–1534, 2002a) argued that increasing the precision of public information is not always beneficial to social welfare. Svensson (Amer Econ
Rev 96: 448–451, 2006) however has disputed this by saying that although feasible, the conditions for which this was true, were not all that likely.
In that respect, therefore, increasing ‘transparency’ remains most of the times beneficial to social welfare. In this paper,
we extend the Morris and Shin attempt by setting it up as an explicit interactive game between the Central Bank, the objectives
of which we model explicitly, and the private sector. We show that in the absence of costs, both players benefit from transparency
in the manner described previously in the literature, and point the differences in their gains. Following that, we then introduce
the fact that increasing transparency comes at some costs and show how both players face incentives to free ride on each other
as a result. The presence of costs thus alters the way in which greater transparency is attained.
相似文献
Marco HoeberichtsEmail: |
987.
Kanybek Nur-tegin 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2007,35(3):327-342
This paper evaluates the potential of transition economies for achieving sustainable improvements in living standards vis-à-vis
developing countries based on their productivity performance. The comparison is made using a bootstrapped Malmquist productivity
index and its technological and efficiency change components. The results of estimation indicate that transition economies
enjoy significantly higher increases in technical efficiency than developing countries with comparable rates of real GDP growth.
Therefore, these results suggest that the former group of countries may have better growth prospects than the latter group,
giving empirical support to Stern and Fries’ (Foreign Policy 111:164–165, 1998) optimism that transition economies are the “tiger” economies of tomorrow.
相似文献
Kanybek Nur-teginEmail: |
988.
Guntram B. Wolff 《Open Economies Review》2007,18(3):327-346
Foreign direct investment is of increasing importance in the European Union. This paper estimates the effect of taxes on foreign
direct investment (FDI) flows and on three sub-components of these flows for the countries of the enlarged European Union.
The model in the spirit of gravity equations robustly explains FDI flows between the 25 member states. Sample selection needs
to be addressed in the estimation. We show that the different subcomponents of FDI should and indeed do react differently
to taxes. After controlling for unobserved country characteristics and common time effects, the top statutory corporate tax
rate of both, source and host country, turn insignificant for total FDI and investment into equity. However, high source country
taxes clearly increase the probability of firms to re-invest profits abroad and lower the percentage of debt financed FDI.
This might reflect profit re-allocation to avoid taxes. Market size factors have the expected signs.
相似文献
Guntram B. WolffEmail: |
989.
In this study, we attempt to examine the possibility of emergence of significant fluctuations of the exchange rates in the
future for the candidate EMU countries. In doing so, we estimate the equilibrium rate of the nominal effective exchange rate
for Poland, Hungary, Slovak Republic and Malta through the BEER and PEER approaches. While the PEER-based estimation implies
a large misalignment rate for the Hungarian forint, the BEER-based analysis shows that the present exchange rates of the countries
considered do not deviate significantly from their equilibrium rates. As a consequence, based on BEER analysis, we do not
expect large fluctuations in the effective exchange rates among the currencies considered. Hence, the relevant effective exchange
rates are expected to be relatively stable. As a matter of fact, the entry of those countries into EMU is not expected to
weaken the stability of Euro.
相似文献
Nikolaos GiannellisEmail: |
990.
This paper provides some of the first empirical evidence on labour market adjustments to exchange rate movements in Canadian
manufacturing industries. Controlling for endogeneity using generalized method of moments estimation, it is found that during
the 1981–1997 period, exchange movements have a substantial impact on labour input and that this impact has grown over time
as the manufacturing industries have become more exposed to trade. In contrast, the exchange rate effect on real wages is
estimated to be virtually zero for all manufacturing industries.
相似文献
Terence YuenEmail: |